This study looked at output levels produced by new generation personal music systems (PMS), at the level of eardrum by placing the probe microphone in the ear canal. Further, the effect of these PMS on hearing was evaluated by comparing the distortion product otoacoustic emissions and high frequency pure tone thresholds (from 3 kHz to 12 kHz) of individuals who use PMS to that of age matched controls who did not use PMS. The relationship between output sound pressure levels and hearing measures was also evaluated. In Phase I output SPLs produced by the PMS were measured in three different conditions - a) at volume control setting that was preferred by the subjects in quiet b) at volume control setting that was preferred by the subject in presence of 65 dB SPL bus noise c) at maximum volume control settings of the instrument. In Phase II pure tone hearing thresholds and DPOAEs were measured. About 30% of individuals in a group of 70 young adults listened to music above the safety limits (80 dBA for 8 hours) prescribed by Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. Addition of bus noise did not increase the preferred volume control settings of the subjects significantly. There were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups for mean pure tone threshold and for mean DPOAE amplitude comparisons. However, a positive correlation between hearing thresholds and music levels and a negative correlation between DPOAE measures and music levels were found.

At present, payment system through the internet has been trending at the furious pace. There are different ways and varieties of e-payment systems are existing to facilitate ease of transaction at the most active security level. However, parallelly the cyber-attacks strategies are growing at the advanced level as security protocols. In this research study, have analyzing the evolution of e-payment system and its terminology followed by different conventional e-payment mechanisms. Also demonstrates lack of security provisions and solution strategies. The main contribution of the present survey study is providing the landscape of digital e-payment system and its opportunities for future e-commerce systems. In the last, have briefly discussing and analyzing the fraudulent transaction rates which will become the benchmark for the development of secure epayment system.