Since skin is the only route of entry of the parasite in schistosomiasis patients, intervention at the level of skin penetration should control the infection. Several compounds were screened for their ability to protect against cercarial penetration. Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) was found to have a significant cercaricidal effect in vitro, although there is no information on its cercaricidal mechanisms. To study the kinetics of morphological changes in Schistosoma mansoni associated with exposure to hinokitiol in vitro, cercariae were incubated in media containing hinokitiol at different concentrations and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM revealed that ultrastructural changes occurred by 15 minutes post exposure, at a concentration of 25 μg/ml. Degenerative changes involving both tegument and deeper parenchymal structures were progressive with duration of exposure at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. These structural changes may account for the inability of hinokitiol-treated cercariae to infect the host.hinokitiol; Schistosoma mansoni; cercariae; transmission electron microscopy

Several studies have confirmed that epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) play a central role in the induction of skin-related immunological events. In order to assess the role of LC in Chagas' disease, guinea-pigs were infected intradermally with Trypanosoma cruzi, sacrificed at different time-points, and their tissues were processed for routine histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Parasitaemia was observed earliest at day 6 p.i. with 2 peaks at days 9 and 28, and disappeared on day 56 p.i. Parasite-specific serum IgG and IgM were first detected on day 12 p.i. The level of IgG gradually increased by day 84 p.i. All the infected guinea-pigs showed significant alterations in the distribution and morphology of epidermal LC during parasitacmia. The number of LC had significantly decreased in the epidermis by day 3 p.i., only returning to normal levels by day 56 p.i., although the number of LC in the underlying dermis increased concomitantly. Parasites were carried to the regional lymph node, where clustering of parasite-laden dendritic cells (DC) with lymphocytes was seen by electron microscopy. This evidence suggests that LC might be involved in antigen presentation in Chagas' disease.

Summary :The frequent occurrence of glomerular lesions in schistosomiasis patients has been reported, although appropriate animal models for the study of schistosomal glomerulonephritis have not been developed. To analyze the relationship between glomerulonephritis and Schistosoma mansoni infection, gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, were infected with different number of cercariae and sacrificed at different weeks of post infection. Fifty cercariae were the optimum dose to produce the disease, glomerulonephritis, without early death of the animal. Infected gerbils showed heterogeneous types of glomerular lesions with increased serum creatinine level. Immune complex deposition was not detected at glomeruli of infected gerbils even by means of immunuofluorescence and also by transmission electron microscopy. However, infiltration of mononuclear cells in and around some of the altered glomeruli was observed. Immunohistochemical staining, using monoclonal antibody (HUSM-M.g. 15) specific to gerbils T-cells, revealed significant infiltration of T-cells. These findings suggest that T-cells might be involved in the development of glomerulonephritis. Gerbil could be a useful model to clarify the role of T-cells in the development of glomerulonephritis of schistosomiasis.

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