We investigated 61 patients (38 boys and 23 girls) under 18 years of age with obsessive-compulsive symptoms seen in the Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital, from 1982 until 1986. In this period, a total of 1293 patients under 18 years of age visited the clinic. The percentage of patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 5%. The earliest onset of symptoms was at age 3 years, and the average age of onset was 11.6 years. We found no particular tendency in terms of the number of siblings and the birth order of the patients. Obsessive traits were the fundamental personality traits of patients. Moreover, according to the other characteristics of personality, the patients were subdivided into schizothymic, viscous temperament, and cyclothymic. Parents of the patients were more apt than usual to have obsessive-compulsive personalities. Psychiatric disturbances and occupations were also investigated. Incidents related to school situations commonly triggered obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The most frequently noted obsessive thought was dirt phobia, and the most common compulsive behavior was washing. School refusal and violence at home were especially common as associated symptoms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We also describe the treatment regimen and the outcomes of the patients.

Thin films of fullerodendron (C(60)(Gn-COOMe) (n = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5)), which was synthesized from fullerene and anthracenyl poly(amido amine) dendron with methyl ester terminals and different generations (G), were fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and adsorption techniques. It was characterized by X-ray reflectometry that the LB films possessed well-ordered structure, although the adsorption method led to random orientation of molecules. As to C(60)(G0.5-COOMe) and C(60)(G1.5-COOMe), the LB films took a four-layer structure consisting of a double layer of molecules, and fullerene moieties exist in the interior of the LB films. On the other hand, C(60)(G2.5-COOMe) led to a two-layer structure in which the fullerene moieties were at the air side and the dendron moieties were at the substrate side. With increasing generation of dendron, the monolayer formation ability at the air/water interface as amphiphilic molecule strengthens and the amphiphilic property becomes superior to the fullerene-fullerene attractive interaction that prevents the monolayer formation. Furthermore, in the case of C(60)(G0.5-COOMe) and C(60)(G1.5-COOMe), the reduction peak in cyclic voltammetry of the LB film remained even after UV light irradiation. On the contrary, the peak of the C(60)(G2.5-COOMe) LB film disappeared, indicating that molecular arrangement in the films affects electrochemical properties.

Spherical silver nanoparticles (diameter: 7–10 nm) were fabricated through passivation by fullerodendrons (C60(Gn-COOK) (n = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5)), which were synthesized from fullerene and anthracenyl focal poly(amido amine) dendrons with carboxylate terminals and different generations (G). The resultant nanocomposites presented unique luminescence, which was contributed by not only anthracenyl moiety but also poly(amido amine) dendron moiety, although the latter has no traditional fluorophore. Furthermore, fluorescence of C60(G2.5-COOK) was quenched by the silver nanoparticles, indicating that the excitation energy transferred to silver particles.

ABSTRACT:Silver nanoparticles protected by first to third generation poly(amido amine) dendrons with an anthracenyl-focal point were fabricated by photo-promotion of silver ions in aqueous dendron solutions. The reaction solutions colored from light to deep brown and displayed a broad plasmon band at 450 nm, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. The formation of particles progressed with time, although it slowed down at the light-shielding (dark) condition. The light-promoted electron transfer from amine groups of dendron to silver ions through anthracenyl moiety might concern to the formation of silver nanoparticles. According to the images of transmission electron microscopy, the shape of nanoparticles was not only spherical (15-20 nm in size) but also polygonal (20-35 nm in size). It was confirmed from the crystallographic analysis of electron diffraction patterns that the polygon was a hexagonalclose-packing (hcp) single crystal, whereas the crystal structure of spherical nanoparticles was face-centered-cubic (fcc). The reaction was fastest when the second generation dendron was used, indicating the competition of increasing number of amine groups and reducing efficiency of photo-promoted electron transfer with generation. [DOI 10.1295/polymj.38.44] KEY WORDS Poly(amido amine) Dendron / Anthracene / Anthracenyl-focal Poly(amido amine) Dendron / Silver Nanoparticle / Nanoparticle / Photo-induction / Photo-fabrication / Transmission Electron Microscopy / Electron Diffraction / Hexagonal-close-packing / Face-centered-cubic / Dendrimers are synthesized stepwise through branching points and spacers, resulting in the spherical shape. From their structural characteristics like a lot of terminal groups and internal voids, the unique applications of dendrimers are prospective. Especially, poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with simple hydrophilic terminal groups are water-soluble and nontoxic, indicating bio-compatible. Utilizing the PAMAM dendrimers as a protector, metal and metalderivative nanoparticles with small size and narrow size distribution were synthesized. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Then the protection by PAMAM dendrimers may develop the advanced application of nanoparticles as medical materials like therapeutic reagents besides industrial materials.Water-dispersible gold and silver nanoparticles with small sizes (less than 10 nm) were synthesized by the reduction of metal ions in the presence of PAMAM dendrimers.3-9 While in almost of investigations, metal nanoparticles were reduced with the aid of reducer, gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by reducing the metal salt in PAMAM dendrimer solutions under UV, X-ray, or laser irradiation or heating. 3,4,[6][7][8] Particle sizes and their dispersion in water depended on the generation of dendrimers and the mixing ratio of metal ion and dendrimer.In the present work, the fabrication of silver nanoparticles without coexistence of common reducer has been reported. The silver nanoparticles were prepared with a photochemical me...