Although extracts of the roots and stems of Salacia chinensis have been used in folk medicines for chronic diseases such as rheumatism, irregular menstruation, asthma and diabetes mellitus, little is known about the mechanism by which Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) ameliorates these diseases. To clarify whether SCE ameliorates the progression of lifestyle-related diseases, the inhibitory effect of SCE on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was analyzed in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Although the oral administration of SCE did not ameliorate the diabetes-induced decrease in body weight, it ameliorated the increase in glycoalbumin levels in diabetic rats. An analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) demonstrated that the levels of N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) were highest in the femurs and that they increased by the induction of diabetes. The administration of SCE also ameliorated the decreased femur strength and the accumulation of CML. Furthermore, when all of the carbohydrates in the chow of diabetic rats were replaced with free glucose, the administration of SCE significantly ameliorated a diabetes-induced increase in glycoalbumin and decrease in serum creatinine level and body weight. This study provides evidence to support that SCE ameliorates diabetes-induced abnormalities by improving the uptake of glucose by various organs.
Although soft-shelled turtle eggs (STE) have been used as a folk medicine for revitalization and the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, the scientific evidence to support the use of STE in this manner is scarce. To clarify the physiological evidence, STE was administered to diabetic rats and the inhibitory effects on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are known to increase with the progression of lifestyle-related diseases, were examined. STE and citric acid were administered to diabetic rats for 3 months, and serum Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) contents were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Although the administration of STE did not affect the body weight, glycoalbumin or ketone body levels, it significantly reduced the serum level of CML. The accumulation of AGEs, which was measured by fluorescence intensity in the auricle skin and the lower gums, was also reduced by the administration of STE to a similar extent to that observed with citric acid. This report provides the first evidence that the oral administration of STE reduces the formation of AGEs, suggesting that one of the health effects of STE may be the inhibition of AGEs formation.
NoteAjuga reptans L. (Labiatae) is native to Europe, and has been used as a traditional vulnerary.1) This plant has been reported to contain iridoids, 1,2) diterpenoids, [3][4][5][6][7] ecdysteroids, [8][9][10] and anthocyanins.11) The present paper describes the isolation and structural elucidation of four new iridoid glucosides (1-4) along with four known iridoid glucosides (5-8), one known diterpenoid glycoside (9), one known aliphatic alcohol glycoside (10), and three known ecdysteroids (11-13), as well as the antioxidative activities of 9.Dried whole plants of A. reptans were extracted with methanol (MeOH). This extract was successively subjected to Diaion HP20, silica gel, and Chromatorex octadecyl silica (ODS) column chromatography as well as HPLC using ODS to yield 13 compounds (1-13).Compounds 5-13 were identified as reptoside (5), 12) harpagide (6), 12) 6-epi-acetyl harpagide (7), 13) acetyl harpagide (8), 12) ajugaside A (9), 15) ajugalactone (11), 9) 20-hydroxyecdysone (12), 16) and 20-hydroxyecdysone 3-acetate (13), 16) respectively, based on their physical and spectral data ( Fig. 1).Compound 1, tentatively named ajureptaside A, was obtained as a syrup, and exhibited an [MϩNa] ϩ ion peak at m/z 477 in the positive-ion FAB-MS. (d 99.9, 74.6, 78.0, 71.8, 77.8, 63.0). These 1 H-and 13 C-NMR signals (Tables 1 and 2, respectively) were assigned with the aid of 1 H-1 H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. The planar structure of 1, which was an iridoid glucopyranoside whose aglycone moiety (Agl) possessed three hydroxyl groups at C-4, C-5, and C-6, one methoxy group at C-3, and one acetoxy group at C-8, could be determined as illustrated in Fig. 2. The relative configurations at C-1, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-8, and C-9 of Agl were concluded to be S*, R*, R*, S*, R*, S*, and S*, respectively, on the basis of the nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum, in which key correlations were observed between H-1 of Agl and H 3 -10 of Agl; H-4 of Agl and H-6 of Agl; and H-4 of Agl and H 3 -10 of Agl, as shown in Fig. 3, and by analysis of the coupling constants (J H-1-H-9 0 Hz; J H-3-H-4 8.0 Hz) between H-1 and H-9; and H-3 and H-4 in the 1 H-NMR spectrum. Acidic hydrolysis of 1 gave D-glucose, which was confirmed by optical rotation using chiral detection in HPLC analysis, and the coupling constant of the signal due to the anomeric proton [d 4.73 (d, Jϭ8.0 Hz)] indicated the mode of glycosidic linkage of the glucopyranosyl group to be b. Consequently, the structure of 1 was concluded to be 8-Oacetyl-4b-hydroxy-3a-methoxy-dihydroharpagide. Four new iridoid glucosides were isolated from the whole plant of Ajuga reptans L. (Labiatae) along with four known iridoid glucosides, one known diterpenoid glycoside, one known aliphatic alcohol glycoside, and three known ecdysteroids. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. The diterpenoid gl...
A new diterpenoid was isolated from the leaves of Clerodendron trichotomumThunb. (Verbenaceae) along with one each of a known diterpenoid, phenylethanoid glycoside, and sterol and two known flavonoids. Their chemical structures were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data and X-ray analysis. In addition, their antioxidant activities were evaluated using four different analyses.
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