We report on attempts to synthesize Mo nanoparticles under reducing conditions in ionic liquids (ILs). Ionic liquids were based on the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Emim and Bmim, resp.) cations and the dicyanamide N(CN)2, triflate (OTf), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-(NTf2), tetrafluoroborate (BF4), ethyl sulfate (ES), and methylsulfonate (MS) anions. (NH4)6Mo7O24∗4H2O and NaBH4 were reacted in a set of imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) at 180°C to evaluate the potential of the ILs for stabilization of metallic Mo nanoparticles. XRD and TEM reveal a strong influence of the IL anion on the particle sizes, shapes, and crystal structures. The influence of the IL cation and the reaction temperature is much less pronounced.
A coordination polymer with the composition C 12 H 20 O 16 Zn 2 (ZnBTC) (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at 120 °C, and its crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Firstprinciples electronic structure investigation of the compound was carried out using the density functional theory computational approach. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, the energy gap, and the global reactivity descriptors of ZnBTC were investigated in both the gas phase and the solvent phase using the implicit solvation model, while the donor−acceptor interactions were studied using natural bond orbital analyses. The results revealed that ZnBTC is more stable but less reactive in solvent medium. The larger stabilization energy E (2) indicates a greater interaction of ZnBTC in the solvent than in the gas phase. Orange peel activated carbon and banana peel activated carbon chemically treated with ZnCl 2 and/or KOH were used to modify the synthesis of ZnBTC to obtain nanocomposites. ZnBTC and the nanocomposites were characterized by powder Xray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared. The specific surface area (S BET ) and the average pore diameter of the materials were determined by nitrogen sorption measurements using the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) method, while scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe their morphology and particle size, respectively. The PXRD of all the activated carbon materials exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 12.7 and 13.9°corresponding to a d-spacing of 6.94 and 6.32 Å, respectively. The N 2 adsorption−desorption isotherm of the materials are of type II with nanocomposites showing enhanced S BET compared to the pristine ZnBTC. The results also revealed that activated carbons from the banana peel and the derived nanocomposites exhibited better porous structure parameters than those obtained from orange peel. The degradation efficiency of methyl orange in aqueous solutions using ZnBTC as a photocatalyst was found to be 52 %, while that of the nanocomposites were enhanced up to 79 %.
Aqueous extract of Kigelia africana fruits have been utilized in the syntheses of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-CuNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized using UV-vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), x-ray diffration (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activities have been evaluated against both Grams-negative and Grams-positive strains of bacteria and fungus. The UV-vis and FTIR techniques revealed the formation of nanoparticles and the active components were adsorbed on the surface of the particles thereby stabilizing the nanoparticles. The SEM reveals uniform microspheres of AgNPs and anisotropic particles for AgCuNPs. TEM shows a particle size of 10 nm. The nanoparticles inhibit the growth of both Grams-negative and Grams-positive bacteria. The present nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of K. africana fruits inhibits Klebsiella pneumoniae more than any of the antibiotics tested in this study. It competes very well with augmentin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and with meropenem against Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 23 and 25 mm, respectively. The bimetallic nanoparticles have demonstrated effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus, with maximum inhibition zone of 27 mm.
Four new metal-aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDHs), Mg-Al(OH) 2 PO 4 (1), Mg-Al(OH) 2 PO 4 PF 6 (2), Ca-Al(OH) 2 SO 4 (3), and Ca-Al(OH) 2 PO 4 PF 6 (4), were prepared by the coprecipitation method followed by mild hydrothermal processing at 60°C. Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ in solution with Al 3+ were titrated with NaOH over 3-5 h to yield Mg-Al and Ca-Al layered double hydroxides, respectively, incorporating PO 4 3− , PO 4 3− PF 6 − , and SO 4 2− anions in the interlamellar spaces. e isolated compounds were characterized with the help of XRD, IR, and SEM/EDAX, and their ability to remove scale-forming ions from the aqueous system was studied with the help of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). e SEM micrographs of Mg-O-Al-OH and Ca-O-Al-OH layers intercalated with PO 4 3− and/or [PO 4 PF 6 ] 4− anions are similar consisting of uniform nanospheres with an average size of 100 nm, while the M-O-Al-OH layer of compound 3, intercalated with SO 4 2− anions, consists of hexagonal nanoplate crystals. In the infrared spectra, the characteristic absorption band for water molecules was observed in all the compounds. e XRD pattern showed that d 012 and d 104 peaks of M-Al-PO 4 LDHs corresponding to interplanar spacing of 3.4804 and 2.5504Å, respectively, shifted to higher 2θ values for the M-Al-PO 4 PF 6 system, which indicates a decrease in the interlamellar spacing as PF 6 − was incorporated along with PO 4 3− anion. e XRD pattern for Ca-Al-SO 4 LDHs was quite different, showing the presence of lowangle peaks at 2θ � 11.68 and 14.72°. e results of the column adsorption studies showed that there was a significant removal of Ca 2+ by all the compounds under investigation with an efficiency of 84-99%. However, compounds 1 and 2 remove Fe 2+ effectively with the efficiency of 98.73 and 99.77%, respectively; compounds 3 and 4 were shown to have little or no effect.
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