Uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for (S)-nilvadipine have been prepared by a multistep swelling and polymerization method using methacrylic acid, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid, 2-vinylpyridine, or 4-vinylpyridine (4-VPY) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker. The chiral recognition abilities of the MIPs for nilvadipine and other dihydropyridine calcium antagonists were evaluated using a mixture of sodium phosphate buffer (or water) and acetonitrile or only acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The (S)-nilvadipine-imprinted 4-VPY-co-EDMA polymers gave the highest resolution for nilvadipine among the MIPs prepared. In addition, the enantioseparation of nilvadipine was attained using the (S)-nilvadipine-imprinted EDMA polymers, without use of a functional monomer. 1H NMR and molecular modeling studies suggested a one-to-one hydrogen-bonding-based complex formation of (S)-nilvadipine with 4-VPY in chloroform. These results reveal that the (S)-nilvadipine-imprinted EDMA polymers could recognize the template molecule by its molecular shape, and that in addition to this recognition, hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions seems to play important roles in the retention and chiral recognition of nilvadipine on the 4-VPY-co-EDMA polymers in hydroorganic mobile phases. By optimizing chromatographic conditions such as column temperature and flow rate, the baseline separation of nilvadipine enantiomers was attained with a short analysis time and with a column efficiency comparable to commercially available chiral stationary phases based on a protein, such as ovomucoid or alpha1-acid glycoprotein.

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Uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for Boc-L-Trp were prepared using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross-linker, and methacylic acid (MAA) and/or 4-vinylpyridine (4-VPY) as the functional monomers or without use of a functional monomer. The MIPs prepared were evaluated using acetonitrile or a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The Boc-L-Trp-imprinted EDMA polymers can recognize Boc-L-Trp by its molecular shape, and can thus afford the enantioseparation of Boc-Trp. Besides the molecular shape recognition, the hydrophobic interactions with the polymer backbones as well as the hydrogen-bonding interactions of Boc-L-Trp with carboxyl and pyridyl groups in the polymers should work for the retention and recognition of Boc-L-Trp on the imprinted MAA- co-EDMA and 4-VPY- co-EDMA polymers, respectively, in the hydro-organic mobile phase. The hydrogen-bonding interactions seem to become dominant when only acetonitrile is used as the mobile phase. The Boc-L-Trp-imprinted 4-VPY- co-EDMA polymers gave the highest retentivity and enantioselectivity for Boc-Trp among the MIPs prepared. However, the simultaneous use of MAA and 4-VPY was not effective for the enantioseparation of Boc-Trp in a hydro-organic mobile phase. Furthermore, the baseline separation of Boc-Trp enantiomers was attained within 10 min on the Boc-L-Trp-imprinted 4-VPY- co-EDMA polymers under the optimized HPLC conditions.

Highly stereoselective, uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for cinchona alkaloids, cinchonine (CN) and cinchonidine (CD), were prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker. The MIPs were evaluated using a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The CN-and CD-imprinted MAA-co-EDMA polymers can recognize the respective template molecule more than the other diastereomer, and afford an excellent diastereomer separation of CN and CD. In addition, the MIPs gave diastereomer separations of structurally related compounds, quinidine and quinine. The retentive and stereoselective properties of those compounds on the MIPs suggest that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions can work to recognize these compounds. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies reveal that the entropy-driven effect is significant at mobile-phase pH 5.4, while the enthalpy-driven interactions seem to be dominant at mobile-phase pH 9.6.

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