Voltage sag is a major Power Quality issue which may occur at every possible load point. In the industrial sector, its impact is particularly prominent at it is directly related to financial losses. To eliminate or, at least, mitigate voltage sag, the first, and the most crucial, step is to identify the portions of the network which are vulnerable to voltage sag. Therefore, a novel approach is presented in this article to identify the areas within the network, which are more prone to voltage sag. An impedance matrix-based model followed by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique is used for the assessment of the voltage sag. This MCS technique is implemented to simulate the number, type, and locations of faults randomly within the system. Then, voltage sag data are collected, and using Bivariate Frequency Distribution, a graphical representation of voltage sag prone buses is developed, which named Voltage Sag Map. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by adopting an industrial distribution system as a case study in this article. K E Y W O R D S impedance modeling, industrial distribution system, MCS, Monte Carlo simulation, power quality, sag map, symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, voltage sag 1 INTRODUCTION Voltage sag has received more attention at the industrial and commercial facilities because of the malfunctioning of various sensitive equipments, which leads to finance-related issues. According to statistical data, the occurrence of voltage sag is more frequent than other power quality (PQ) issues. 1 A sudden reduction in the voltage level ranging from 10% to 90% of its rated Root Mean Square (RMS) value at the power frequency for a duration of 0.5-30 cycles is termed as voltage sag. The voltage sag pivoted mainly around two important parameters, namely, voltage magnitude and duration, which are the essential entities to distinguish (or identify) voltage sag from other PQ issues. 2 The occurrence of voltage sag in a network is due to several reasons, among them the most significant causes being sudden wind gust on conductors and attachments, contacts with trees, cattle, animals, rats, birds, snakes, and so on. 1 The financial impact of voltage sag on the industrial distribution system is analyzed in Reference 3, and how voltage sag has a relationship in generating interruption is given in Reference 4. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transmission and distribution of power over the tie line depends upon the amount of load connected to it. As the entire power system is a completely non linear network so steady state analysis of the power system is a very difficult task. In order to maintain the system voltage and frequency with that of the change in the loads demand it is require to modify the system suitable controller. If the generation system is considering only one generation unit and one load area it can be treated as a one area network. So for one area network the system frequency can be controlled through the either P or PI controller. This paper tries to identifies the different types of problem occurring in the single area network with their behavior to active and reactive power system.
Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy is a rare cause of toxic encephalopathy in children. Although many cases have been reported in adults, it is rarely reported in the pediatric population. Here, we report a case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with acute-onset encephalopathy with slurring of speech after receiving metronidazole for treatment of acute gastroenteritis. Neuroimaging is the cornerstone in the diagnosis of this entity with typical involvement of cerebellum, brain stem, and splenium of the corpus callosum. In our case, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed hyperintensity of the splenium of the corpus callosum on the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence along with diffusion restriction in the diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient images. Rapid complete neurological and radiological recovery with supportive treatment is key in making the diagnosis. Although a safer and commonly used drug, new-onset encephalopathy after the use of metronidazole must be considered.
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