Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a high-risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) but the association between the quantitative HPV DNA load and the severity of CIN remains controversial. We conducted a community study to investigate the correlation between the two. Potential study subjects were selected through Pap smear screening in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. Ninety-one subjects with either their first case of inflammation or zCIN1 by biopsy confirmation were assigned to a case group; 175 normal subjects with negative findings by Pap smears or biopsies were assigned to a control group. Cervical HPV load was detected with Hybrid Capture II assay for high-risk HPV infection, with nested PCR for high-and low-risk HPV infection, and with type-specific PCR for HPV type 16 (HPV-16). Individuals with positive high-risk HPV infection had an increased risk of developing CIN. Compared with HPVnegative subjects, the odds ratios were 32.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 10.4-99.5] for subjects with CIN1, 37.2 (95% CI, 7.4-187.6) for subjects with CIN2, and 68.3 (95% CI, 14.1-328.5) for subjects with zCIN3 after adjusting for other confounding factors. The similar trend was also found among the HPV-16 -negative individuals. In addition, high-risk HPV DNA load levels were highly correlated with the different grades of CINs in the overall population (Spearman's correlation coefficient r = 0.67, P < 0.0001, n = 266) and the HPV-16 -negative population (Spearman's correlation coefficient r = 0.58, P < 0.0001, n = 234). We concluded that high-risk HPV infection, irrespective of HPV-16 infection, was highly and positively associated with the development of CIN. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(11):2544 -9)
Background: We aim to investigate the changes of the bladder neck (BN) and urinary symptoms before and after passive pelvic floor exercise by extracorporeal magnetic innervations (ExMI) therapy. Methods: We assessed the BN and urinary symptoms of 20 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) by trans-perineal ultrasound and questionnaires before and after the ExMI therapy from January 2011 to February 2021.Results: The urinary frequency and SUI incidences were significantly decreased following the ExMI therapy (McNemar's test; P <0.01). The therapeutic efficacy of SUI was 75%. A significant decrease was noted in the pad test (paired t-test, P <0.05). Nocturia had been improved in a marginally significance (McNemar’s test, P=0.063). Any difference in the pre- versus post-treatment regarding other urinary symptoms was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference in Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6) (paired t-test, P < 0.001), yet Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) showed marginally significant difference (paired t-test, P = 0.066). Three domains of lubrication, orgasm and satisfaction in the female sexual function index (FSFI) showed significant differences (paired t-test, P <0.05), while other sexual symptoms had no significant difference before and after ExMI. Trans-perineal ultrasound found that bladder neck mobility and Q-tip straining angle were not statistically significant (paired t-test, P > 0.05).Conclusion: The ExMI is effective for SUI by strengthening the pelvic floor muscle with treatment efficacy of 75%. However, it has a limited effect on bladder neck mobility, as evidenced by trans-perineal ultrasonography.
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