Administering the loading dose of tramadol during surgery decreases the nausea/vomiting associated with high dose of tramadol and improves the quality of tramadol PCA in the relief of postoperative pain.

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Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is one of the most useful techniques to detect the incipient faults of power transformer. However, the identification of the faulted location by the traditional method is not always an easy task due to the variability of gas data and operational natures. In this paper, a novel cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural network (NN) method is presented for the fault diagnosis of power transformers. By introducing the IEC standard 599 to generate the training data, and using the characteristic of self-learning and generalization, like the cerebellum of human being, a CMAC NN fault diagnosis scheme enables a powerful, straightforward, and efficient fault diagnosis. With application of this scheme to published transformers data, the diagnoses demonstrate the new scheme with high accuracy and high noise rejection ability. Moreover, the results also proved the ability of multiple incipient faults detection.

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The recombinant Escherichia coli gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (EcGGT) was immobilized in Ca-alginate-kappa-carrageenan beads. Effects of alginate concentration, amount of loading enzyme, and bead size on the entrapped activity were investigated. Optimum alginate concentration for EcGGT immobilization was found to be 2% (w/v). Using a loading enzyme concentration of 1.5 mg/g alginate, maximum enzyme activity was observed. With increase in bead size from 1.9 to 3.1 mm, the immobilization efficiency was decreased significantly because of mass transfer resistance. Thermal stability of the free EcGGT was increased as a result of the immobilization. Ca-alginate-kappa-carrageenan-EcGGT beads were suitable for up to six repeated uses, losing only 45% of their initial activity. Upon 30 days of storage the preserved activity of free and immobilized enzyme were found as 4% and 68%, respectively. The synthesis of L: -theanine was performed in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 10) containing 25 mM L: -glutamine, 40 mM ethylamine, and 1.5 mg EcGGT/g alginate at 40 degrees C for 12 h, and a conversion rate of 27% was achieved.