Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high region-specificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, catalyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mechanism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail.
Purpose: The research aimed to investigate the factors that influence SME business success in Malaysia. Research methodology: This study employed a quantitative research design and used a paper-based online questionnaire to collect data from 100 SME entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Smart PLS 3.2.8 was used to analyse the data collected in this study. Results: The study concluded that the factors of entrepreneurs’ personalities traits and effective marketing have no significant relationship with SME business success, while the strategic planning and management is significantly positive related to SME business success. Limitations: The present study had a small number of respondents to obtain more accurate results. Contribution: The results can be useful to optimise the local SME business performance by presenting the factor that is significantly and positively influencing business success. This study makes a new attempt to demonstrate the effect of strategic planning and management on SME business success in Malaysia. Besides, the research emphasises the importance of implementation of strategic planning and management in SME business to enhance the rate of business success. Keywords: Business success, Malaysia, SME
Soil is known as the most cost-effective material in construction since available locally and has been used for centuries. Soil widely used throughout the world in brick production including Malaysia. The used of soil in construction can reduce environmental issues and act as a green building material. In addition, high pressure of compression is used to produce the interlocking bricks and it is at high speed of production compared to conventional method which is firing process that can contribute to the environmental issues. To achieve sustainable development, interlocking compressed earth bricks have been developed which can reduce cost, environmental-friendly, and energy-efficient. This paper aims to review the interlocking compressed earth bricks (ICEB).
The increasing amount of tyre waste seen each year, which corresponds to growth in vehicle demand and usage around the world. The subject of tire waste disposal has been a hot topic among researchers due to the growing amount of waste production each year, the negative influence on the environment, and the potential solutions to these issues. Because of the complexity of the structure, content, and quality of the rubber, disposing of discarded tyres is difficult. Researchers have recently become interested in crumb rubber, which is a product regenerated from tire waste after undergoing a separation process, because of its potential as a raw material in the development of construction materials that may be used to replace natural resources. Crumb rubber, depending on its quality and category, can be utilised in a variety of civil engineering projects to help make them more cost-effective and long-lasting. Further study and development of crumb rubber processing and application methods may enhance tyre waste recycling rates and, as a result, reduce environmental difficulties associated with tire waste landfilling. The primary goal of this research is to review existing crumb rubber research, particularly in terms of characteristics, processing methods, and rates of application in the construction industry. This study could serve to encourage and promote the widespread usage of crumb rubber in civil engineering projects.
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