Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring is a powerful tool used to sensitively examine the real-time responses of polymer films to external responses. For example, the technique is commonly used to monitor film growth, material adsorption, thin film swelling, and ion exchange. With its rapidly expanding use, this review is intended to introduce new users to the basic principles of QCM-D, along with practical challenges and remedies specific to polymer thin films. For both new and experienced users, specific case studies are highlighted including layer-by-layer assembly, electrochemical QCM-D, swelling, sensing, and biological application. Last, the review recommends future directions for research and areas of growth.
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are highly tunable materials that result from the phase separation that occurs upon mixing oppositely charged polymers. Over the years, they have gained interest due to their...
The effect of urea
and ethanol additives on aqueous solutions of
poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium)
(PDADMA), and their complexation interactions are examined here via
molecular dynamics simulations, interconnected laser Doppler velocimetry,
and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. It is found that
urea and ethanol have significant, yet opposite influences on PSS
and PDADMA solvation and interactions. Notably, ethanol is systematically
depleted from solvating the charge groups but condenses at the hydrophobic
backbone of PSS. As a consequence of the poorer solvation environment
for the ionic groups, ethanol significantly increases the extent of
counterion condensation. On the other hand, urea readily solvates
both polyelectrolytes and replaces water in solvation. For PSS, urea
causes disruption of the hydrogen bonding of the PSS headgroup with
water. In PSS–PDADMA complexation, these differences influence
changes in the binding configurations relative to the case of pure
water. Specifically, added ethanol leads to loosening of the complex
caused by the enhancement of counterion condensation; added urea pushes
polyelectrolyte chains further apart because of the formation of a
persistent solvation shell. In total, we find that the effects of
urea and ethanol rise from changes in the microscopic-level solvation
environment and conformation resulting from solvating water being
replaced by the additive. The differences cannot be explained purely
via considering relative permittivity and continuum level electrostatic
screening. Taken together, the findings could bear significance in
tuning polyelectrolyte materials’ mechanical and swelling characteristics
via solution additives.
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