This study was conducted to estimate the relevance between the factors relating to the practical activities for infection prevention and control, performed by certified nurses in infection control (CNICs). A questionnaire survey was conducted to a total of 2,278 CNICs authorized by the Japanese Nursing Association. The responses were obtained from 708 subjects, and 698 of those were used to analyze as a valid response. Three factors were related to the activities: "holding an administrative position," "working as a full-time CNIC," and "participating in academic meeting or research seminar." In addition, "working in facilities receiving additional reimbursement for infection prevention of medical treatment fee" was also another relating factor. The frequency of practice relevant to "surveillance for healthcare-associated infection" and "occupational infection control" was increased especially in the facilities receiving Type I of additional reimbursement. Working in the facilities with less than 400 hospital beds or staffed by a single CNIC was thought to be a factor relating to the practical activities relevant to "infection control skills."
Purpose: e purpose of this study was to examine di erences in physical responses a er arousal at di erent sleep stages to promote better physical reactions a er awakening and e cient daytime activities.Methods: Fi een healthy women were monitored for three nights. On night 1, the subjects were aroused at di erent sleep stages [non rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep]. A er arousal, P300 and simple reaction times were measured in each subject. In addition, P300 and simple reaction times were measured before noon in 5 subjects. Analyses were performed comparing the measurements obtained immediately a er arousal under NREM and REM sleep and those obtained immediately a er arousal and before noon under NREM and REM sleep. Results: ere was a signi cant di erence in P300 latencies immediately a er arousal under NREM and REM sleep. Comparison between the measurements immediately a er arousal and before noon under the same conditions showed that arousal during REM sleep was associated with signi cantly shorter push-button (auditory stimuli) and jump reaction times, and arousal during NREM sleep was associated with signi cantly shorter push-button reaction time (photic stimuli), both before noon and at arousal. Conclusion: Arousal during REM sleep was associated with faster cognitive and attentional reactions than arousal during NREM sleep, suggesting that arousal during REM sleep could improve physical reactions a er awakening and promote e cient daytime activities.
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