BackgroundMicroglial cells are activated in response to changes in brain homeostasis during aging, dementia, and stroke. Type 2 endocannabinoid receptors (CB2) and translocator protein 18 kD (TSPO) are considered to reflect distinct aspects of microglia-related neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. CB2 activation is considered to relate to the neuroprotective responses that may occur predominantly in the early stage of brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, while an increase in TSPO expression tends to occur later during neuroinflammation, in a proinflammatory fashion. However, this information was deduced from studies with different animal samples under different experimental settings. In this study, we aimed to examine the early microglial status in the inflammation occurring in the brains of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 10 (SAMP10) mice, using positron emission tomography (PET) with CB2 and TSPO tracers, together with immunohistochemistry.MethodsFive- and 15-week-old SAMP10 mice that undergo neurodegeneration after 7 months of age were used. The binding levels of the TSPO tracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 and CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 were measured using PET in combination with immunohistochemistry for CB2 and TSPO. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report PET data for CB2 and TSPO at the early stage of cognitive impairment in an animal model.ResultsThe standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) of [11C]NE40 binding were significantly higher than those of (R)-[11C]PK11195 binding in the cerebral cortical region at 15 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, the [11C]NE40 SUVR tended to be higher than the (R)-[11C]PK11195 SUVR. The (R)-[11C]PK11195 SUVR did not significantly differ between 5- and 15-week-old mice. Consistently, immunostaining analysis confirmed the upregulation of CB2, but not TSPO.ConclusionsThe use of the CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 and/or an immunohistochemical approach allows evaluation of the role of microglia in acute neuroinflammatory processes in the early stage of neurodegeneration. The present results provide in vivo evidence of different responses of two types of microglia to senescence-accelerated neuroinflammation, implying the perturbation of microglial balance by aging. Specific treatment for CB2-positive microglia might help ameliorate senescence-related neuroinflammation and the following neurodegeneration.
Specific glycosphingolipid antigens of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis amastigotes reactive with the monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) ST-3, ST-4 and ST-5 were isolated, and their structure was partially elucidated by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The glycan moieties of five antigens presented linear sequences of hexoses and N-acetylhexosamines ranging from four to six sugar residues, and the ceramide moieties were found to be composed by a sphingosine d18:1 and fatty acids 24:1 or 16:0. Affinities of the three monoclonal antibodies to amastigote glycosphingolipid antigens were also analyzed by ELISA. MoAb ST-3 reacted equally well with all glycosphingolipid antigens tested, whereas ST-4 and ST-5 presented higher affinities to glycosphingolipids with longer carbohydrate chains, with five or more sugar units (slow migrating bands on HPTLC). Macrophages isolated from footpad lesions of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis were incubated with MoAb ST-3 and, by indirect immunofluorescence, labeling was only detected on the parasite, whereas no fluorescence was observed on the surface of the infected macrophages, indicating that these glycosphingolipid antigens are not acquired from the host cell but synthesized by the amastigote. Intravenous administration of 125 I-labeled ST-3 antibody to infected BALB/c mice showed that MoAb ST-3 accumulated significantly in the footpad lesions in comparison to blood and other tissues.
: In order to estimate the effect of soluble keratin protein (SKP) as a finishing agent for textiles, the influence of the additive treatment with the keratin on the dyeabilities of wool, cotton, cellulose acetate and polyester fabrics were investigated. In using the acid dye, K/S value in Kubelka-Munk equation and the rate of dye uptake of cotton fabrics were significantly increased by the treatment. From the amounts of SKP released from the fabrics through dyeing and washing processes, it was suggested that the increase of K/S value of cotton fabrics with high add-on is due to the well-dyed protein on the fabrics. In the case of the cotton fabrics with low add-on, SKP on the fabrics may promote adsorption and dispersion of the dye on the fiber surface, which result in acceleration of dispersion into the fibers at the initial stage of dyeing.
Wool fabrics were treated with butyl and phenyl isocyanates (designated as BI and PI, respectively) in N, N-dimethylformamide and the setting properties were studied by the IWS crease angle test with a Hoffman press or by a similar but handy method with a home steam iron. The results obtained by the two set methods agreed well when the fabrics were set without a reducing agent: both BI-and PItreated fabrics gave temporary set values much higher than those of the control, but only a PI-treated fabric with a high add-on of 14% gave a high permanent set value and other samples were not permanently set. When fabrics were set under reducing conditions, all the fabrics gave high permanent set values with a Hoffman press, while BI-and PI-treated wool samples gave lower permanent set values than that of the control, when set with a home steam iron. Lincoln wool fibers were treated with BI and PI and the extention set with boiling water was also studied with the treated samples. The results of set experiments with the three different methods indicated that the introduction of hydrophobic groups by treatment with isocyanates, especially with PI, gave two different effects on the set values: the treated samples became more resistant to the diffusion of a reducing agent so that mercaptan / disulfide interchange reaction during setting was not enhanced as much as the interchange in the control, while the hydrophobic groups made the set of the samples more stable in hot water. Depending on the setting conditions under reducing conditions, the set values of the treated samples varied with the balance of the two adverse effects.
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