We examined whether the expression of wheat catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) cDNA in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) could enhance tolerance against low temperature injury. Transgenic rice plants expressing wheat CAT protein showed an increase of activities in leaves at 25°C, 2‐ to 5‐fold that in non‐transgenic rice. At 5°C, catalase activities were about 4–15 times higher than those in non‐transgenic rice were. A comparison of damage observed in leaves as they withered due to chilling at 5°C showed that transgenic rice displayed an increased capability to resist low temperature stress. The exposure of these plants to low temperature at 5°C for 8 days resulted in decreased catalase activities in leaves at 25°C, but the transgenic plants indicated 4 times higher residual catalase activities than those of non‐transgenic ones. The concentration of H2O2 in leaves was kept lower in transgenic rice than that of the control plants during the 8 days chilling. These results suggest that the improved tolerance against low temperature stress in genetically engineered rice plants be attributed to the effective detoxification of H2O2 by the enhanced catalase activities.
Kitahonami' is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that has high yield, good agronomic performance and good quality characteristics. It currently accounts for 73% of the wheat cultivation area of Hokkaido the northern island in Japan and 42% of Japan's overall wheat cultivation. However, this cultivar is susceptible to Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). WYMV has become widespread recently, with serious virus damage reported in Tokachi and Ohotsuku districts, which are the main wheat production areas in Hokkaido. Here, we report a new wheat breeding line 'Kitami-94', which was developed over four years by repeated backcrossing with 'Kitahonami' using DNA markers for WYMV resistance linked to the Qym1 and Qym2 from 'Madsen'. Basic maps of Qym1 and Qym2 were created and used to confirm that 'Kitami-94' reliably carried the two resistance genes. 'Kitami-94' demonstrated WYMV resistance, and had agronomic traits and quality equivalent to 'Kitahonami' except for higher polyphenol oxidase activity and lower thousand grain weight. 'Kitami-94' may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of WYMV resistance in the background of 'Kitahonami', and for developing new cultivars.
When mice fed a high-cholesterol diet were given 0.5 ml of a solution of Adzuki polyphenols (Adzuki-PP; 4 mg/ml) for two weeks via a catheter, the atherosclerotic index of experimental mice was signifi cantly lower than that of the control group, indicating a signifi cant inhibitory effect of Adzuki-PP on serum cholesterol level. In addition, the fecal cholesterol level in the experimental group was signifi cantly higher than that in the control group. Supplementation of Adzuki-PP to a concentration of 290 ppm lowered the solubility of micellar cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that Adzuki-PP inhibits cholesterol micellization. It was therefore suggested that the inhibitory effect of Adzuki-PP on cholesterol micellization in the digestive tract was associated with suppressed serum cholesterol levels.
Wheat yellow mosaic (WYM) is a soilborne disease caused by Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). Symptoms include yellow mosaic coloring of leaves, stunting, and growth inhibition. Severe infection may result in yield loss. WYM is one of the most serious diseases affecting wheat production in East Asia. The most effective control is through breeding resistant cultivars. A winter wheat cultivar, 'OW104', shows little to no symptoms in heavily WYMV-infested fields in Hokkaido, Japan. Here we detected Qym4, a QTL accounting for 45%-57% of WYMV resistance, in the vicinity of the markers Xcfd49, Xbarc183, and Xgpw4357 on wheat chromosome arm 6DS. F 3 progenies with 'OW104' allele at Qym4 showed significantly higher resistance than those with 'Hokushin' homozygote or heterozygote. We developed 'Hokushin' near-isogenic lines by backcrossing with 'Hokushin' as the recurrent parent and 'OW104' as the resistance donor. All the WYMV-resistant BC 5 F 1 /BC 4 F 1 plants carried 'OW104' allele only at Xcfd49. Our results suggest that the introduction of Qym4 confers resistance to WYMV in winter wheat.
The symptom of Verticillium black spot in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is black discoloration at the vascular bundle of the root: However, it is difficult to detect the symptom by visual inspection. Thus diseased roots are often mixed with normal roots after inspection in packinghouses. So we attempted to develop a nondestractive determination method using visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectoroscopy under practical conditions. The spectra of radish roots were continuously measured by transmittance mode: the scanning range was 450-1,000 nm. Measured roots were then cut and the degree of symptom was converted to an index of 0 (no symptom) to 3 (severely affected) by visual inspection of the cut root. Partial least squares regression was carried out relative to the indices to the second derivative spectra. In a validation set, the standard error of prediction for the index was 0.299 (R = 0.958, n = 70). For each root without the symptom, the predicted indices were less than one, and for 91% of the roots with the symptom, the predicted indices were more than one. Using this method, the roots with an index of 0 could be completely separated from those with an index 2 or higher. It is suggested that VIS/NIR spectroscopy is an effective tool for accurate and rapid elimination of radish roots with the internal symptom of Verticillium black spot.Key Words:PLSR, rapid evaluation, second derivative spectra, transmittance
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