<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Liquid-based cytology (LBC)-fixed samples can be used for preparing multiple specimens of the same quality and for immunocytochemistry (ICC); however, LBC fixing solutions affect immunoreactivity. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of LBC fixing solutions on immunoreactivity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Samples were cell lines, and specimens were prepared from cell blocks of 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF)-fixed samples and the four types of LBC-fixed samples: PreservCyt®, CytoRich™ Red, CytoRich™ Blue, and TACAS™ Ruby, which were post-fixed with NBF. ICC was performed using 24 different antibodies, and immunocytochemically stained specimens were analyzed for the percentage of positive cells. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Immunoreactivity differed according to the type of antigen detected. For nuclear antigens, the highest percentage of positive cells of Ki-67, WT-1, ER, and p63 was observed in the NBF-fixed samples, and the highest percentage of positive cells of p53, TTF-1, and PgR was observed in the TACAS™ Ruby samples. For cytoplasmic antigens, the percentage of positive cells of CK5/6, Vimentin, and IMP3 in LBC-fixed samples was higher than or similar to that in NBF-fixed samples. The percentage of positive cells of CEA was significantly lower in CytoRich™ Red and CytoRich™ Blue samples than in the NBF-fixed sample (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). Among the cell membrane antigens, the percentage of positive cells of Ber-EP4, CD10, and D2-40 was the highest in NBF-fixed samples and significantly lower in CytoRich™ Red and CytoRich™ Blue samples than that in NBF-fixed samples (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). The NBF-fixed and LBC-fixed samples showed no significant differences in the percentage of positive cells of CA125 and EMA. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> ICC using LBC-fixed samples showed the same immunoreactivity as NBF-fixed samples when performed on cell block specimens post-fixed with NBF. The percentage of positive cells increased or decreased based on the type of fixing solution depending on the amount of antigen in the cells. Further, the detection rate of ICC with LBC-fixed samples varied according to the type of antibody and the amount of antigen in the cells. Therefore, we propose that ICC using LBC-fixed samples, including detection methods, should be carefully performed.

Picosecond light pulses synchronized with successive pulses of synchrotron radiation have been generated using a cw mode-locked Nd:Y AG laser. By improvement of the time characteristics of the synchronized pulses, transient absorption measurements have been made in a short time domain of 0.05-11 ns using a delay-time modulation technique.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that has contributed to significant changes in feature extraction and image classification and is being actively researched and developed in the field of cytopathology. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) enables standardized cytological preparation and is also applied to artificial intelligence (AI) research, but cytological features differ depending on the LBC preservative solution types. In this study, the relationship between cell detection by AI and the type of preservative solution used was examined. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The specimens were prepared from five preservative solutions of LBC and stained using the Papanicolaou method. The YOLOv5 deep convolutional neural network algorithm was used to create a deep learning model for each specimen, and a BRCPT model from five specimens was also created. Each model was compared to the specimen types used for detection. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Among the six models, a difference in the detection rate of approximately 25% was observed depending on the detected specimen, and within specimens, a difference in the detection rate of approximately 20% was observed depending on the model. The BRCPT model had little variation in the detection rate depending on the type of the detected specimen. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The same cells were treated with different preservative solutions, the cytologic features were different, and AI clarified the difference in cytologic features depending on the type of solution. The type of preservative solution used for training and detection had an extreme influence on cell detection using AI. Although the accuracy of the deep learning model is important, it is necessary to understand that cell morphology differs depending on the type of preservative solution, which is a factor affecting the detection rate of AI.

Background: Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is an indispensable technique to improve diagnostic accuracy. ICC using liquid-based cytology (LBC)-fixed specimens has been reported. However, problems may arise if the samples are not fixed appropriately.We investigated the relationship between the LBC fixing solution and ICC and the usefulness of antigen retrieval (AR) in LBC specimens.Methods: Specimens were prepared from five types of LBC-fixed samples using cell lines and the SurePath™ method. ICC was performed using 13 antibodies and analyzed by counting the number of positive cells in the immunocytochemically stained specimens.Results: Insufficient reactivity was observed using ICC without heat-induced AR (HIAR) in nuclear antigens. The number of positive cells increased in ICC with HIAR.The percentage of positive cells was lower in CytoRich™ Blue samples for Ki-67 and in CytoRich™ Red and TACAS™ Ruby samples for estrogen receptor and p63 than in the other samples. For cytoplasmic antigens, the percentage of positive cells for no-HIAR treatment specimens was low in the three antibodies used. In cytokeratin 5/6, the number of positive cells increased in all LBC specimens with HIAR, and the percentage of positive cells in CytoRich™ Red and TACAS™ Ruby samples was significantly lower (p < .01). For cell membrane antigens, CytoRich™ Blue samples had a lower percentage of positive cells than the other LBC-fixed samples. Conclusion:The combination of detected antigen, used cells, and fixing solution may have different effects on immunoreactivity. ICC using LBC specimens is a useful technique, but the staining conditions should be examined before performing ICC.

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