The present results confirmed our hypothesis that a high blood flow rate in the fistula vein affects the expression of MMPs and TIMP-4, resulting in the remodeling or maturation of the AVF. Remodeling is associated with degradation of collagen, with an increase in the collagen I/III ratio.
Our experience showed that robotic C-arm CT-guided dye localization followed by immediate thoracoscopic surgery in a hybrid OR is safe and feasible. It may become an effective and attractive alternative in managing SPNs.
EVAR of MAA is an acceptable alternative treatment of MAA. However, persistent infection after endovascular treatment does occur and is often fatal without surgical treatment.
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