Abstract-We consider the problem of transmitting multicast flows with hard deadlines over unreliable wireless channels. Every user in the network subscribes to several multicast flows, and requires a minimum throughput for each subscribed flow to meet the QoS constraints. The network controller schedules the transmissions of multicast traffic based on the instant feedback from the users. We characterize the multicast throughput region by analyzing its boundary points, each of which is the solution to a finite-horizon dynamic programming problem over an exponentially large state space. Using backward induction and interchange arguments, we show that the dynamic programming problems are solved by greedy policies that maximize the immediate weighted sum throughput in every slot. Furthermore, we develop a dynamic throughput-optimal policy that achieves any feasible throughput vector by tracking the running performance perceived by the users.
Physical exercise and activity may prevent cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, and promise mastery experience, self-persuasion, and diminution in negative sentimental states in elderly people. This study was to examine the validity of the indicators of professional competence for exercise instructors of the elderly (IPCEIE). We have reported to use the Delphi technique and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to develop the IPCEIE with 72item (IPCEIE-72) (three second-orders: knowledge, skill, and attitude). However, to date there has been no study of the validity of psychiatry IPCEIE. A convenience sample of 145 exercise instructors (46.36 ± 14.64) was self-administered data from structural questionnaire. The total score of the three dimensions reflect the overall IPCEIE status (i.e., third-order factor). However, factor structures of the IPCEIE have not been examined. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine 10-factor first-order models, 3-dimentions second-order models, and one third-order model of the IPCEIE using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also examined 83-item of the original IPCEIE (IPCEIE-83) to compare with the IPCEIE-72.The IPCEIE-72 showed an unaccepted model (χ 2 /df=6.516, CFI=0.92, NNFI=0.91, and RMSEA=0.196) and all 72 items had sufficient factor loadings (0.59-0.86). Comparing to the original IPCEIE, the IPCEIE-83 also resulted a good model fit (χ 2 /df=5.462, CFI=0.93, NNFI=0.92, and RMSEA=0.176) and all 83 items had sufficient factor loadings (0.59-0.85). In summary, both the IPCEIE-72 and IPCEIE-83 had satisfactory construct validity in the one third-order model of the IPCEIE, but there did not converge in 3-dimentions second-order models of the IPCEIE-72. Therefore, we suggested that future users may use the IPCEIE-83 to capture the multiple dimensions of IPCEIE with management skill items although some exercise experts did not think there are needed.
Carotid dissection is the most important cause of ischemic stroke in young adults. Ischemic stroke rate up to 20% in people under 50 years. Recently, young patients under 50 years of age who were admitted to the emergency department with ischemic stroke complaints were diagnosed with carotid dissection.Methods: For this purpose, cranio-cervical CT angio images of patients admitted to our clinic with suspected carotid artery dissection and diagnosed as ICA dissection were retrospectively reviewed. the characteristics of the patients with ICA dissection and normal patients undergoing cranio-cervical CT angiography were investigated using 3D anatomical programs, specifically the course of the stylohyoid ligament, the distance between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery, and contact between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery. Sectra and AW Server 2 archives and XIO 4.80 radiotherapy planning programs were used for 3D analysis of the images. The data obtained from the analyzes were evaluated using the SPSS statistical program.Results: Descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and graphical programs were used in statistical evaluations. According to Independent Samples T-Test results performed under SPSS, the distance between the ICA with stylohyoid ligament at 0.05 (sig.2-tailed) level (t = 5,950, sig = 0,000) and the difference between the age of the patients (t = 2,226, sig = 0,026) was significant. In addition, the axial (t = 2,938, sig = 0,005) and sagittal (t = 2,307, sig = 0,026) angles between the genders were different. In Pearson correlation analysis, styloid axial angles (r = -0.316, sig = 0.029), styloid sagittal angles (r = -0.333, sig = 0.020) and age of ICA dissection (r = -0.332, sig = 0.026) at 0,05 (2-tailed) level was found to be correlated. More importantly, in patients with ICA dissection, it was found that there was a strong correlation between stylohyoid ligament-carotid distance (r = -0.659, sig = 0.000) at the 0.01 (2-tailed) level. Conclusion:As a result, the closure of the stylohyoid ligament closer than 3.9 mm to the carotid for any reason increases the risk of dissection in young patients. It is thought that the results of this research will constitute a step for radiological artificial intelligence studies.
Carotid dissection is the most important cause of ischemic stroke in young adults. Ischemic stroke rate up to 20% in people under 50 years. Recently, young patients under 50 years of age who were admitted to the emergency department with ischemic stroke complaints were diagnosed with carotid dissection. Methods: For this purpose, cranio-cervical CT angio images of patients admitted to our clinic with suspected carotid artery dissection and diagnosed as ICA dissection were retrospectively reviewed. the characteristics of the patients with ICA dissection and normal patients undergoing cranio-cervical CT angiography were investigated using 3D anatomical programs, specifically the course of the stylohyoid ligament, the distance between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery, and contact between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery. Sectra and AW Server 2 archives and XIO 4.80 radiotherapy planning programs were used for 3D analysis of the images. The data obtained from the analyzes were evaluated using the SPSS statistical program. Results: Descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and graphical programs were used in statistical evaluations. According to Independent Samples T-Test results performed under SPSS, the distance between the ICA with stylohyoid ligament at 0.05 (sig.2-tailed) level (t = 5,950, sig = 0,000) and the difference between the age of the patients (t = 2,226, sig = 0,026) was significant. In addition, the axial (t = 2,938, sig = 0,005) and sagittal (t = 2,307, sig = 0,026) angles between the genders were different. In Pearson correlation analysis, styloid axial angles (r =-0.316, sig = 0.029), styloid sagittal angles (r =-0.333, sig = 0.020) and age of ICA dissection (r =-0.332, sig = 0.026) at 0,05 (2-tailed) level was found to be correlated. More importantly, in patients with ICA dissection, it was found that there was a strong correlation between stylohyoid ligament-carotid distance (r =-0.659, sig = 0.000) at the 0.01 (2-tailed) level. Conclusion: As a result, the closure of the stylohyoid ligament closer than 3.9 mm to the carotid for any reason increases the risk of dissection in young patients. It is thought that the results of this research will constitute a step for radiological artificial intelligence studies.
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