This paper is going to review the state-of-the-art of the high-speed 850/940-nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), discussing the structural design, mode control and the related data transmission performance. InGaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) was used to increase the differential gain and photon density in VCSEL. The multiple oxide layers and oxide-confined aperture were well designed in VCSEL to decrease the parasitic capacitance and generate single mode (SM) VCSEL. The maximal modulation bandwidth of 30 GHz was achieved with well-designed VCSEL structure. At the end of the paper, other applications of the near-infrared VCSELs are discussed.
with the omission of the coefficient 1 24π from Eqs. (56), (66), (67), (69), (70), (78), (79), (81)-(83), (86), (88), (89), (91)-(93), (99), (100), (102), and (103). The coefficient − 1 24π was missing from Eq. (80). The equations have been corrected as of 6 August 2015. The equations are correct in the printed version of the journal.
We explore a quantum cosmology description of the de Sitter (dS) radiation and its back-reaction to a dS space, inherent in the wave function of the Wheeler–DeWitt equation for pure gravity with a cosmological constant. We first investigate the quantum Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker cosmological model and then consider the possible effects of inhomogeneities of the universe on the dS radiation. In both the cases we obtain the modified Friedmann equation, including the back-reaction from spacetime fluctuations, and the quantum-corrected Gibbons–Hawking (GH) temperature. It is shown that the quantum correction increases the GH temperature with the increment characterized by the ratio of the dS scale to the Planck scale.
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