In this paper, a quantitative evaluation of mask quality in the domain of 2-D pattern fidelity and a method of assessing the OPC model effectiveness are investigated. The spirit of our algorithm is to characterize the wafer lithographic performances of both the real physical mask and the ideal OPCed layout mask that the physical mask is based on. To acquire these performances, we adopted a CD-SEM image process technique for transforming an actual SEM mask image into a simulation-friendly format like GDSII together with the methods to correctly handle the image transformation and interpret the simulation results. Finally, the images, such as the simulated aerial images, the simulated or observed resist top views, are superposed for comparison using logic operation.
Nowadays, the CD(Critical Dimension) control on masks manufacturing plays an important role in photolithography process for 90-nm node technology and below. The process performance of photolithography will degrade severely even when the mask CD error is small. One of the most important process-induced mask CD errors comes from the dry etching process. With the loading effect due to environment pattern variations, isolated and dense patterns have different etching biases. Furthermore, the loading effect can induce an overall CD variation called global loading effect contributed from the pattern density change in large areas and a CD variation on individual monitor pattern called micro-loading effect contributed from various feature dimensions in the near region. The micro-loading effect can also be classified as the "nearest spacing" effect which is dependent upon the space between the nearest neighbor pattern and the monitor pattern, and the "nearest neighbor" effect which is dependent upon the size of the nearest neighbor feature around the monitor pattern.All of these effects enlarge the total range of mask CD linearity and proximity errors.In this paper we report the result of the global loading effect and micro-loading effect by varying pattern densities and feature dimensions nearby. With the design of test pattern, the global loading effect and the micro-loading effect can be separated. The CD variation dominated by the micro-loading effect in the dry etching process is observed. This large etching bias change resulted from the micro-loading effect is consistent with the depletion of radical species in the narrow space during the etching process.
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