The hER is a ligand-dependent transactivator that belongs to a large superfamily of nuclear receptors. These family proteins bind various small hydrophobic ligands including the steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, and the retinoids for the activation. The hERs constantly shuttle between the cellular nucleus and the cytoplasm, but under steady-state conditions they are predominantly found in the nucleus.In the inactive state, hER is present as a complex with a heat shock protein (hsp90). If the ligand molecules bind to the hER, the hsp90 dissociates to the hER, and the hER binds to the estrogen response elements (EREs) on DNA with highaffinity.
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