Morphological and anatomical effects of mef enacet on the growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing.) were investigated in petri-dish and pot tests. In the petri-dish, mef enacet did not inhibit weed germination. After germination, however, leaves failed to emerge through the coleoptile, and the primary root was reduced at high concentrations, 10 and 5 ppm. At low concentrations, 0.5 and 0.1 ppm, the growth of shoot, root and coleoptile was slightly inhibited, while the mesocotyl was not affected by the herbicide. In the preemergence treatment in pots, mef enacet did not inhibit the elongation of mesocotyl or coleoptile, however, it severely retarded the growth of 1st and 2nd leaf primordia and length of the primary root. When the weed was treated at 1, 2 and 3 leaf stages, the growth of primordia of subsequent leaves was retarded, and the elongation of coronal roots was inhibited. Anatomical results showed that mefenacet clearly exerted a strong inhibitory action against meristems, but had little effect on existing plant tissue. When applied at the 2-leaf stage, the growth of subsequent leaves was strongly retarded, as was the leaf sheath of the 3rd leaf. The upward and marginal growth of the 3rd and 4th leaves was inhibited and the growth of primordia of the 5th and 6th leaves was also severely inhibited. The growth of epidermal cell was affected and the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll did not form extensive lacunae as shown in the untreated plant. At the 3-leaf stage application, the growth of primordia of the 4th, 5th and 6th leaves was retarded and abnormal swelling of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd tillers was observed.
The effects of fentrazamide [4-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-N-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazole-1-carboxamide] on the growth and morphology of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beav. and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. were investigated. Fentrazamide at 250 g a.i. ha Ϫ1 showed high efficacy on weeds up to the 3-leaf stage. The growth of the subsequent leaves was retarded by the herbicide and dark green coloration appeared, and then the basal part of leaf sheathes underwent necrosis. The cell elongation and cell division of Echinochloa spp. were inhibited by fentrazamide. These effects were also observed on plants treated with mefenacet [2-(2-benzothiazoyloxy)-N-methyl-N-phenyl-acetamide].
This study was designed to clarify the relationship between the antihypertensive effects of the calcium antagonist nilvadipine, and circadian changes in blood pressure. Based on measurements using an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system (ABPM), 17 outpatients with untreated essential hypertension were divided into two groups: a sustained hypertensive group (with a fall in blood pressure during sleep < 10%, n ؍ 7) and a waking time hypertensive group (with a fall in blood pressure during sleep > 10%, n ؍ 10). During treatment with nilvadipine (8 mg/day, > 2 weeks), patients were reexamined by ABPM. The antihypertensive effect of nilvadipine was significantly and negatively correlated with the night time fall in blood pressure: this effect was significantly greater in the sustained hypertensive group than in the waking time hypertensive group. These data suggest that the long acting calcium antagonist nilvadipine has more potent antihypertensive effects in patients with sustained hypertension (''nondippers'') than in those whose hypertension lessens during sleep (''dippers''). Am J Hypertens 1998;11:122-124
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