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Background Although distant metastasis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis, some single center studies reported that lung metastasis has a favorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of site‐specific metastasis after pancreatectomy for PDAC, with a focus on lung metastasis. Methods Data from 117 cases of lung metastasis after pancreatectomy were collected retrospectively from 23 institutions in Japan. To compare the sites of metastasis we also collected the data of 134 patients with liver only metastasis, 67 patients with peritoneal only metastasis and 121 patients with locoregional recurrence alone. Results In patients with lung only metastasis, the median time from recurrence to death (RTD) was 23.1 months, which was better in comparison to other sites of recurrence. In lung metastasis group, the patients who underwent pulmonary resection had better long‐term outcomes in comparison to those who did not. (RTD: 29.2 vs 15.2, P < .001). In the multivariate analysis, solitary metastasis (HR 5.03; 95% CI 1.195‐21.144, P = .022) and postoperative chemotherapy (HR 14.089; 95% CI 1.729‐114.77, P = .023) were identified as significant prognostic factors after lung resection. Conclusions Surgical resection is a favorable option for selected patients with a solitary lung metastasis and for whom adjuvant chemotherapy can be administrated.

Hepatectomy for a solitary metastasis is the treatment of choice even after pancreaticoduodenectomy, but indication of hepatectomy for multiple metastases is still limited. The combination of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy should be studied further to improve survival rates.

BackgroundBochdalek hernias are one of the most common types of diaphragmatic hernia, with most cases diagnosed during the neonatal period. In contrast, diagnosis of a Bochdalek hernia in an adult is rare and is typically observed on the left side of the diaphragm. Even more rare is the diagnosis of a right-sided Bochdalek hernia in an adult, where there is concurrent visceral malformation in most cases.Case presentationWe describe a case of an 89-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed decreased intravenous contrast uptake and thickening of the wall of herniated small intestine through the right side of the diaphragm, which led to the diagnosis of a strangulated diaphragmatic hernia. The patient underwent emergent laparotomy and required a partial resection of the necrotic ileum and a hernia repair with direct closure. Interestingly, in this case, organ malformation was not observed. The patient was discharged approximately 2 weeks after surgery without complication.ConclusionsAdult right-sided Bochdalek hernia with strangulation in the absence of hepatic atrophy is a rare entity. Considering the severity of this condition, accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are needed. A tailored operative approach is required on an individual case basis.

Background/Purpose Grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), as defined by International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF), is the most life‐threatening complication after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). This study aims to evaluate risk factors for Grade C POPF after PD. Methods This is a prospective, multicenter study based in Japan and Taiwan. Between December 2014 and May 2017, 3022 patients were enrolled in this study and 2762 patients were analyzed. We analyzed risk factors of Grade C POPF based on the updated 2016 ISGPF scheme (organ failure, reoperation, and/or death). Results Among 2762 patients, 46 patients (1.7%) developed Grade C POPF after PD. The mortality rate of the 46 patients with Grade C POPF was 37.0%. On the multivariate analysis, six independent risk factors for Grade C POPF were found; BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, chronic steroid use, preoperative serum albumin <3.0 mg/dL, soft pancreas, operative time ≥480 minutes, and intraoperative transfusion. The c‐statistic of our risk scoring model for Grade C POPF using these risk factors was 0.77. The score was significantly higher in Grade C POPF than in Grade B POPF (P < .001) or none/biochemical leak (P < .001). Conclusions This prospective study showed risk factors for Grade C POPF after PD.