Despite the rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, inequality in Asia worsened during last two decades. We focus on the determinants of growth inclusiveness and suggest options for reform. A crosscountry empirical analysis suggests that fiscal redistribution, monetary policy aimed at macro stability, and structural reforms to stimulate trade, reduce unemployment and increase productivity are important determinants of inclusive growth. The main policy implication of our analysis is that there is still room to strengthen such policies in Asia to better achieve growth with shared prosperity. In particular, scenario simulations based on our results suggests that the effect of expanding fiscal redistribution on inclusive growth could be sizeable in emerging Asia, since the estimated improvement in our proxy of inclusive growth-a measure of growth in average income "corrected" for the equity impact-ranges from about 1 to about 8 percentage points.
This paper argues that Japan's excessive labor market duality can reduce Total Factor Productivity (TFP) due to a negative impact on non-regular workers' effort and on firms' incentives to train them. On the basis of cross-country empirical evidence, the paper proposes some reform options. In particular, our analysis suggests that reducing the difference in employment protection between regular and non-regular workers would substantially reduce labor market duality in Japan. One reform consistent with these findings is the introduction of a Single Open Ended Contract for all newly hired workers. This reform could be complemented by a shift towards a model that combines labor market flexibility and security ("flexicurity") and by policies aimed at encouraging wage growth.
Japan's high corporate savings might be holding back growth, by preventing a more effi cient use of resources. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been the main contributors to high corporate cash balances, but more recently larger companies have also increased cash holdings. This paper focuses on the causes and consequences of the current corporate behavior and suggests options for reform. In particular, Japan's weak corporate governance-as measured by available indexes-might be contributing to high cash holdings. An empirical analysis on a panel of Japanese fi rms confi rms that improving corporate governance would help unlock corporate savings. The main policy implication of the analysis carried out in this paper is that a more ambitious and comprehensive corporate governance reform should be a key component of Japan's growth strategy. Such a reform would help remove some of the bottlenecks of the legal and corporate governance framework which encourage high corporate cash holdings and prevent a more pro-growth use of resources.
Japan's high corporate savings might be holding back growth, by preventing a more effi cient use of resources. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been the main contributors to high corporate cash balances, but more recently larger companies have also increased cash holdings. This paper focuses on the causes and consequences of the current corporate behavior and suggests options for reform. In particular, Japan's weak corporate governance -as measured by available indexes -might be contributing to high cash holdings. An empirical analysis on a panel of Japanese fi rms confi rms that improving corporate governance would help unlock corporate savings. The main policy implication of the analysis carried out in this paper is that a more ambitious and comprehensive corporate governance reform should be a key component of Japan's growth strategy. Such a reform would help remove some of the bottlenecks of the legal and corporate governance framework which encourage high corporate cash holdings and prevent a more pro-growth use of resources.
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