Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) commonly causes diarrhoea, and is usually self-limiting, although sometimes people become ill with sepsis and dehydration. Routine antibiotic use for this infection could result in persistent colonization and the spread of resistant bacterial strains. Objectives To assess the e icacy and safety of giving antibiotics to people with NTS diarrhoea. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group trials register (up to August 2012), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) published in The Cochrane Library (up to Issue 8 2012); and MEDLINE, African Index Medicus, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, and the Science Citation Index, all up to 6 August 2012. We also searched the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) for both completed and on going trials and reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any antibiotic treatment for diarrhoea caused by NTS species with placebo or no antibiotic treatment. We selected trials that included people of all ages who were symptomatic for NTS infection. Examples of symptoms included fever, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. We excluded trials where the outcomes were not reported separately for the NTS subgroup of patients. Two review authors independently applied eligibility criteria prior to study inclusion. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data on pre-specified outcomes and independently assessed the risk of bias of included studies. The primary outcome was the presence of diarrhoea between two to four days a er treatment. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methods. Main results Twelve trials involving 767 participants were included. No di erences were detected between the antibiotic and placebo/no treatment arms for people with diarrhoea at two to four days a er treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 7.21; one trial, 46 participants; very low quality evidence). No di erence was detected for the presence of diarrhoea at five to seven days a er treatment Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection (Review)

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When asked to name the facial nerve branches would you go “to zanzibar by motor car”? If so, you've used a mnemonic and probably increased your chances of answering the question correctly. Chibuzo Odigwe and Sarah Davidson explain Among the many uses of mnemonics is the recollection of the branches of the facial nerve (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical), as above. Although modern medical students employ numerous mnemonics, the idea of tying one thing to another to facilitate recollection is not new. The ancient Greeks and Romans had a system of mnemonics, that used the loci et res, method. This combined a familiar structure (locus) and the thing to be remembered (res), allowing information to be remembered in a serial order. 1 The word itself can be traced to Mnemosyne, the Greek personification of memory.1

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