In more than 20% of all patients, the Crohn's disease presents before the age of 18 years. The diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease in children has changed dramatically over the last decade, mainly due to increased awareness, availability of newer diagnostic modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and newer, more powerful treatments such as biologics. Imaging of the small bowel is needed for diagnosis, management, follow-up and also evaluation of the disease in terms of location, extent, activity and complications. We review all the methods (barium examinations, ultrasonography, computed tomography, MR, and computed tomography-positron emission tomography) commonly used for imaging the small bowel in paediatric patients with Crohn's disease analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each modality, with particular emphasis on MR imaging.
Objective Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign bone disorder in facial bones. This study evaluates the possibility of diagnosing fibrous dysplasia on imaging alone, without biopsy of the lesion, which is often burdensome for the patient. Materials and Methods The authors bring their experience of four cases of bone lesions of the maxillofacial region and present a review of published studies. The imaging techniques evaluated are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast. Results The literature review demonstrates that it is impossible to make diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia exclusively by imaging. Radiographic images often show a ground-glass appearance, which is characteristic but not pathognomonic of fibrous dysplasia. Conclusion Although CT and MRI images may in many cases suggest a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia, histological examination or follow-up imaging should follow.
Disorders affecting parotid gland represent a heterogeneous group comprising congenital, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases which show a focal or diffuse pattern of appearance. The differentiation of neoplastic from non-neoplastic conditions of parotid glands is pivotal for the diagnostic imaging. Frequently there is evidence of overlapping between the clinical and the imaging appearance of the various pathologies. The parotid gland is also often object of study with the combination of different techniques [ultrasound-computed tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (US-CT-MRI), ex.]. Compared to other dominant methods of medical imaging, US has several advantages providing images in real-time at lower cost, and without harmful use of ionizing radiation and of contrast enhancement. B-mode US, and the microvascular pattern color Doppler are usually used as first step evaluation of parotid lesions. Elastography and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) has opened further possible perspectives to improve the differentiationbetween benign and malignant parotid lesions. The characterization of the parotid tumors plays a crucial role for their treatment planning and for the prediction of possible surgical complications. We present, here an updated review of the most recurrent pathologies of parotid gland focusing on the diagnostic power of multiparametric US including CEUS and ultrasound elastography (USE); limitations, advantages and the main key-points will be presented
Pregnant women with an acute abdomen present a critical issue due to the necessity for an immediate diagnosis and treatment; in fact, a diagnostic delay could worsen the outcome for both the mother and the fetus. There is evidence that emergencies during pregnancy are subject to mismanagement; however, the percentage of errors in the diagnosis of emergencies in pregnancy has not been studied in depth. The purpose of this article is to review the most common imaging error emergencies. The topics covered are divided into gynecological and non-gynecological entities and, for each pathology, possible errors have been dealt with in the diagnostic pathway, the possible technical errors in the exam execution, and finally the possible errors in the interpretation of the images. These last two entities are often connected owing to a substandard examination, which can cause errors in the interpretation. Consequently, the systemization of errors reduces the possibility of reoccurrences in the future by providing a valid approach in helping to learn from these errors.
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