This is the first study demonstrating the overall lowering of circadian clock genes among patients with AD. The expression pattern is comparable between patients with and without DTs. Although preliminary with data at only one single time point, the observation of strikingly reduced mRNA levels supports the association between circadian clock gene dysregulation and chronic alcohol intake.

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The early adhesions of cells to various biopolymers are important to their growths and proliferations. Here, the adhesion of cells (e.g., fibroblasts) on the electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) that was coated by PCL or PEG/PCL and further adsorbed by chitosan (CS) or CS/hyaluronic acid (HA) layers, was examined by cell-counting technique, QCM method and MTS assay under a serum-free condition for 3 h. The surfaces on electrodes of the QCM were confirmed to have been modified by measuring their contact angles, FT-IR spectra and the weights of biopolymers affected the frequency shifts of the QCM. Among tested surfaces on electrodes, the adhesion of fibroblasts on a HA/CS/PCL surface was the most (e.g., 3.08 × 10(5) cells/cm(2)) while that on a PEG/PCL surface was the least (e.g., 0.7 × 10(5) cells/cm(2)), as determined by cell-counting technique. The frequency shift and the mass of adhering fibroblasts on HA/CS/PCL electrodes were -3,537 ± 770 Hz and 3.78 ± 0.22 μg (n = 3), respectively, that were significantly exceeded those on other electrodes (-393 ± 58 Hz and 0.32 ± 0.06 μg, n = 3, respectively, for PEG/PCL electrodes). These results were consistent with cell-counting technique. Although MTS assay yielded similar results, it was less sensitive than the two aforementioned methods. In conclusion, modified electrodes of a QCM provide a convenient and sensitive method for examining the early adhesion of cells (e.g., 3 h) to biopolymer surfaces.