Cancer and embryonic stem cells exhibit similar behavior, including immortal, undifferentiated, and invasive activities. Here, we show that in clinical samples bladder tumors with intense expression of stem cell marker Oct-3/4 (also known as POU5F1) are associated with further disease progression, greater metastasis, and shorter cancer-related survival compared with those with moderate and low expressions.

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We have synthesized a series of Co3–x Cr x O4 (0 < x < 2) catalysts via thermal decomposition and explored their activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). By changing the Cr content, we were able to modify the overall OER activity. Among the compositions investigated, Co2.25Cr0.75O4 is the most active, which achieves 10 mA cm−2 current density per geometric area and a mass activity of 10.5 A/g at 0.35 V overpotential. We hypothesize that this enhanced OER activity is due to the increase of the adsorption energy of the intermediates (*O, *OH, and *OOH) resulting from the increased electrophilicity of Co2+ sites in the material after the introduction of the electron-deficient Cr. This systematic doping strategy enables the investigation of the correlation between the doping and OER activity and allows for the rational design of future catalysts with higher activity and efficiency.

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RF ablation prevents the progression of paroxysmal AF effectively, except in patients with increased LA diameter and LV end-systolic diameter on echocardiogram, suggesting more aggressive rhythm control therapies should be considered in these patients.