Second-harmonic generation (SHG)
response and birefringence are
two critically important properties of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials.
However, the simultaneous optimization of these two key properties
remains a major challenge because of their contrasting microstructure
requirements. Herein, we report the first tetravalent rare-earth metal
fluorinated sulfate, CeF2(SO4). Its structure
features novel net-like layers constructed by highly distorted [CeO4F4] polyhedra, which are further interconnected
by [SO4] tetrahedra to form a three-dimensional structure.
CeF2(SO4) exhibits the strongest SHG effect
(8 times that of KH2PO4) and the largest birefringence
for sulfate-based NLO materials, the latter exceeding the birefringent
limit for oxides. Theoretical calculations and crystal structure analysis
reveal that the unusually large SHG response and giant birefringence
can be attributed to the introduction of the highly polarizable fluorinated
[CeO4F4] polyhedra as well as the favorable
alignment of [CeO4F4] polyhedra and [SO4] tetrahedra. This research affords a new paradigm for the
designed synthesis of high-performance NLO materials.
Birefringence is a fundamental optical property for linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Thus far, it has proved to be very difficult to engineer large birefringence in optical crystals functioning in the UV region. Herein, we report the first 2D rare‐earth iodate–nitrate crystal Sc(IO3)2(NO3) (SINO), which is shown to exhibit giant optical anisotropy. Air‐stable SINO possesses a short UV absorption edge (298 nm), a strong NLO response (4.0 times that of benchmark KH2PO4) for the nitrate family, and the largest birefringence (Δn=0.348 at 546 nm) of inorganic oxide optical crystals. The unusually large birefringence and NLO response can be attributed to an optimized 2D layered structure, combined with highly polarizable and anisotropic building units [IO3]− and [NO3]−. These findings will facilitate the development of UV linear and NLO materials with giant optical anisotropy and promote their potential application in optoelectronic devices.
We investigate how chief executive officers’ (CEOs) risk incentive (VEGA) affects firm innovation. To establish causality, we exploit compensation changes instigated by the FAS 123R accounting regulation in 2005 that mandated stock option expensing at fair values. Our identification tests indicate a positive and causal effect of CEOs’ VEGA on innovation activities. Furthermore, dampened managerial risk-taking incentive after the implementation of FAS 123R leads to a significant reduction in innovation related to firms’ core business and explorative inventions. It implies that managers diversify their innovation portfolios and decrease explorative inventions to curtail business risk when their risk-taking incentive is reduced.
A fluorescent composite, HCAA@UiO-66, was prepared by encapsulating fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarin-4-acetic acid (HCAA) molecules into pore of metal-organic framework (MOF, UiO-66). The encapsulating of HCAA in the pore of UiO-66 does...
Very selective and permeable membranes for hydrogen separation have been fabricated by hybridizing CAU-21 MOF with a small aperture and PIM-1 polymer with high porosity.
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