In this study, we investigate the resistive switching behavior of radio frequency ͑rf͒-sputtered Al 2 O 3 thin films. It is observed that both high-conducting state ͑ON state͒ and low-conducting state ͑OFF state͒ are stable and reproducible during successive resistive switchings by dc voltage sweeping. The ratio of resistance of the ON and OFF state is over 10 3 . Such a reproducible resistive switching can be performed at 150°C, and the resistance of the ON state can be altered by various current compliances. The conduction mechanisms of the ON and OFF states are demonstrated as ohmic conduction and Frenkel-Poole emission, respectively. Both states, performed by dc voltage sweeping and applying short pulse, are stable over 10 4 s at a read voltage of 0.3 V and the electrical-pulse-induced resistance change ͑EPIR͒ phenomenon is demonstrated, which are all important properties for further resistive random access memory application.

Well controlled multiple resistive switching states in the Al local doped HfO2 resistive random access memory device Resistive switching mechanisms relating to oxygen vacancies migration in both interfaces in Ti/HfOx/Pt memory devices J. Appl. Phys. 113, 064510 (2013); 10.1063/1.4791695Robust unipolar resistive switching of Co nano-dots embedded ZrO2 thin film memories and their switching mechanismThe influence of Ti top electrode material on the resistive switching properties of ZrO 2 -based memory film using Pt as bottom electrode was investigated in the present study. When Ti is used as top electrode, the resistive switching behavior becomes dependent on bias polarity and no current compliance is needed during switching into high conducting state. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that a series resistance between Ti and ZrO 2 film, composed of a TiO x layer, a ZrO y layer, and even the contact resistance, imposed a current compliance on the memory device. Besides, our experimental results imply that switching the device into high conducting state is a field driven process while switching back into low conducting state is a current driven process.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of internal branding in international tourist hotels and to investigate the impact of internal branding and employee brand commitment on employee brand behavior. Based on the results of 661 questionnaires returned from a sample of international tourist hotels in Taiwan, internal branding and employee brand commitment have a significant effect on employee brand behavior. Moreover, internal branding and employee brand commitment and behavior differ significantly according to personal variables such as age and work experience, and in different categories of tourist hotels. The results of this study imply that hoteliers could shape employee attitudes and behavior through internal branding, and it is therefore recommended that internal branding be added to corporate education and training. In the extant literature on the hospitality industry, the effect of internal branding on organizational performance and effectiveness is unclear; the present study contributes to academic research in clarifying this link.

It has been demonstrated that human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) might be associated with several adverse health effects. Dietary and microenvironmental sources are considered to be the main routes of PBDEs exposure. The study aimed to investigate PBDEs in residential indoor and outdoor air and further to assess the health risks in family members of different ages. Indoor and outdoor air samples from houses in residential areas were simultaneously collected for analysis of 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208, and 209 by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. PBDE concentrations were non-significantly higher indoors (81.1 pg/m 3 ) than outdoors (42.7 pg/m 3 ) (p = 0.513). For the outdoor air, the mean PBDE level was lower in air outside houses than in air from industrial and urban areas. Levels of Σ 14 PBDEs and BDE-209 in house indoor air were no higher in Taiwan than other countries. The daily intake of non-dietary PBDEs from house air and dust in Taiwan was highest in the toddlers (1-2 years old; 8.22 ng/kg b.w./day) and lowest in the male adults (≥ 20 years old; 0.562 ng/kg b.w./day) among family members. For Taiwanese, the risks of non-cancer (hazard quotient: HQ) and cancer (cancer risk: R) with neurobehavioral effects of exposure to non-dietary PBDEs in the home environment were assessed to be lower than the critical values of 1.00 and 1.00 × 10 -6 for HQs and Rs, respectively. In conclusion, levels of indoor PBDEs and non-dietary daily intake were found to be low in home environments in Taiwan. This result suggests that PBDEs in the home environment are not harmful to family members from the newborn to the elderly if we only consider the neurobehavioral effects.