Meat quality plays an important role in the purchase decision of consumers, affecting producers and retailers. The formation mechanisms determining meat quality are intricate, as several endogenous and exogenous factors contribute during antemortem and postmortem periods. Abundant research has been performed on meat quality; however, unexpected variation in meat quality remains an issue in the meat industry. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate structures and functions of proteins in living tissues, and recent reports confirmed their importance in meat quality. The objective of this review was to provide a summary of the research on the effects of PTMs on meat quality. The effects of four common PTMs, namely, protein phosphorylation, acetylation, S‐nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, on meat quality were discussed, with emphasis on the effects of protein phosphorylation on meat tenderness, color, and water holding capacity. The mechanisms and factors that may affect the function of protein phosphorylation are also discussed. The current research confirms that meat quality traits are regulated by multiple PTMs. Cross talk between different PTMs and interactions of PTMs with postmortem biochemical processes need to be explored to improve our understanding on factors affecting meat quality.
Aims
To determine the relationship between plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and odds of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted. Blood samples were obtained from 122 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without DR. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between plasma TMAO and DR. The diagnostic value of plasma TMAO was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).
Results
In the T2DM patients, plasma levels of TMAO were significantly higher in patients with DR compared with those without DR (P = 0.001). As logarithmic (ln) transformation of TMAO increased per standard deviation (SD), there was higher probability to have DR [odds ratio (OR) = 2.31; P = 0.005]. As ln-transformed TMAO increased per SD, the severity of DR was more likely to get worse (OR = 2.05; P = 0.004). In the diagnostic model, the addition of TMAO contributed to the improvement in AUROC from 0.646 to 0.734 (P = 0.043), and the IDI was 10.7% (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Elevated levels of plasma TMAO were associated with higher odds and worse severity of DR in T2DM patients, and further investigation is required for the causality of this association.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of Chinese cinnamon powder (w/w), at the levels of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% and control (without additive) on ground lamb meat quality. The samples were stored at 4℃ and examined for pH, color, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and total viable counts (TVC). The results demonstrated that pH values were declined with the increase of Chinese cinnamon levels compared to control group. The L* values throughout the storage were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control group than in other treatment groups, while a* values were decreased with the increase of Chinese cinnamon levels. The addition of Chinese cinnamon powder strongly inhibited (p<0.05) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and TVC in all treated samples. It can be concluded that Chinese cinnamon powder in lower concentration 0.5% has the ability to maintain the quality of ground lamb in comparison with other treated samples.
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