Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities related to central adiposity and insulin resistance. Its importance is increasingly recognized as it associates with increased risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. These metabolic aberrations of MetS may lead to development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. A 26.5%–55.6% prevalence of MetS in men with LUTS was reported in worldwide studies. Although the exact biological pathway is not clear yet, insulin resistance, increased visceral adiposity, sex hormone alterations and cellular inflammatory reactions played significant roles in the related pathophysiological processes. Clinician should recognize the cardiovascular and metabolic impacts of MetS in men with LUTS, early risk factors optimization and use of appropriate medical therapy may possibly alter or slower the progression of LUTS/BPH, and potentially avoid unnecessary morbidities and mortalities from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases for those men.
A novel MOSFET device structure known as Quasi-SO1 (QSOI MOSFET) permits direct measurements of substrate current generated by impact ionization near the SO1 drain. It is observed that QSOI devices with identical dimensions and fabricated on the same wafer as bulk devices have lower substrate current when subjected to the same biases. We present here simulated and experimental evidence leading to the conclusion that the lateral maximum electric field near the drain is indeed lower in QSOI devices, with important implications for enhanced reliability in true SO1 MOSETs.
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