HighlightsPentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine was tested for efficacy in infants.The vaccine (BRV-PV) showed excellent tolerability and a good safety profile.Primary analysis efficacy was 36% against SRVGE and up to 60.5% against VSRVGE.The efficacy through 2 years of age was 39.5% (SRVGE) and 54.7% (VSRVGE).The intent to treat analyses confirmed all the per protocol analyses.

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of the probiotic VSL#3 in prevention of neonatal sepsis in low birthweight (LBW) infants.DesignRandomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.SettingCommunity setting in rural India.ParticipantsLBW infants aged 3–7 days.InterventionsInfants were randomised to receive probiotic (VSL#3, 10 billion colony-forming units (cfu)) or placebo for 30 days, and were followed up for 2 months.Main outcome measurePossible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) as per the Integrated Management of Neonatal Childhood Illnesses algorithm, as diagnosed by fieldworkers/physicians.Results668 infants were randomised to VSL#3 and 672 to placebo. By intention-to-treat analysis, the risk of PSBI among infants in the overall population of LBW infants was not statistically significant (RR 0.79 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.03)). Probiotics reduced median days of hospitalisation (6 days vs 3 days in probiotics) (p=0.018) but not the risk of hospitalisation (RR 0.66 (95% CI 0.42 to 1.04). The onset of PSBI in 10% of infants occurred on the 40th day in the probiotics arm versus the 25th day in the control arm (p=0.063).ConclusionsDaily supplementation of LBW infants with probiotics VSL#3 (10 billion cfu) for 30 days led to a non-significant 21% reduction in risk of neonatal sepsis. A larger study with sufficient power and a more specific primary end point is warranted to confirm the preventive effect of VSL#3 on neonatal sepsis in LBW infants.Trial registration numberThe study is registered at the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2008/091/000049).

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