Controllable intensified process has received immense attention by the researchers in order to deliver the benefit of process intensification to be operated in a desired way in order to provide a more sustainable process towards reduction of environmental impact, improve of intrinsic safety and process efficiency. This paper proposed the Exact Gain and Phase Margin (EGP) through analytical method to develop suitable controller design for intensified system using PID controller formulation and it was compared to conventional Direct Synthesis Methods (DS), Internal Model Control (IMC) and Industrial IMC method in terms of the performance and stability analysis. Simulation results showed that EGP method provides good setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection as compared to DS, IMC and Industrial IMC while retaining overall performance stability as time delay increases. The Bode Stability Criterion was used to determine the stability of the open-loop transfer function of each method and the result demonstrated decrease in stability as time delay increases for controller design using DS, IMC and Industrial IMC and hence control performance degrades. On the other hand, the proposed EGP controller maintains the overall robustness and control performance throughout the increase of time delay and outperform the other controller design methods at higher time delay. Another highlight of this work is that the proposed EGP controller design method provides overall overwhelming control performance with lower overshoot and shorter rise time compared to other controllers when process time constant is smaller in magnitude (đ đ© = 0.01 đđđ 0.1) than the instrumentation element, which is one of the major concerns during the design of intensified controllers, resulting in a higher order of overall system. The desired selection of gain margin and phase margin were suggested at 2.5 to 4 and 60° -70° respectively for a wide range of control condition for intensified process where higher instrumentation dynamic would be possible achieve robust control as well. As a result, the proposed EGP method controller is thought to be more reliable design strategy for maintaining the overall robustness and performance of higher order and complex systems that are highly affected by time delay and high dynamic response of intensified processes.
A theoretical process model was developed for microreactors where the conservation of mass and energy balance is treated as plugâflow reactor to study the control strategies and closedâloop performance of an intensified system. The resulting secondâorder plus time delay and numerator dynamic process model produced a high order of controller formulation, i.e., a proportionalâintegralâderivativeâderivativeâderivative (PID3). Lower time delay and smaller closedâloop time constant yield a better setâpoint tracking and disturbance rejection. Classical PID controllers could also be achieved by truncating the highâorder term in the higherâorder dominant system of controller formulation into the desired form whilst maintaining its stability. The simulation result reveals that the classical PID in series with secondâorder filter incorporated with time delay compensation demonstrates acceptable closedâloop performance with low IAE compare to standard direct synthesis method.
Controllable intensified process has received immense attention by the researchers in order to deliver the benefit of process intensification to be operated in a desired way in order to provide a more sustainable process towards reduction of environmental impact, improve of intrinsic safety and process efficiency. This paper proposed the Exact Gain and Phase Margin (EGP) through analytical method to develop suitable controller design for intensified system using PID controller formulation and it was compared to conventional Direct Synthesis Methods (DS), Internal Model Control (IMC) and Industrial IMC method in terms of the performance and stability analysis. Simulation results showed that EGP method provides good setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection as compared to DS, IMC and Industrial IMC while retaining overall performance stability as time delay increases. The Bode Stability Criterion was used to determine the stability of the open-loop transfer function of each method and the result demonstrated decrease in stability as time delay increases for controller design using DS, IMC and Industrial IMC and hence control performance degrades. On the other hand, the proposed EGP controller maintains the overall robustness and control performance throughout the increase of time delay and outperform the other controller design methods at higher time delay. Another highlight of this work is that the proposed EGP controller design method provides overall overwhelming control performance with lower overshoot and shorter rise time compared to other controllers when process time constant is smaller in magnitude (Ïp =0.01 and 0.1) than the instrumentation element, which is one of the major concerns during the design of intensified controllers, resulting in a higher order of overall system. The desired selection of gain margin and phase margin were suggested at 2.5 to 4 and 60° â 70° respectively for a wide range of control condition for intensified process where higher instrumentation dynamic would be possible achieve robust control as well. As a result, the proposed EGP method controller is thought to be more reliable design strategy for maintaining the overall robustness and performance of higher order and complex systems that are highly affected by time delay and high dynamic response of intensified processes.
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