As a putative model of Fasciola gigantica infection, detailed data in Kunming (KM) mice infected with F. gigantica are lacking. In this study, KM mice were orally infected with 15 metacercaria for 8 weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic changes, serum biochemistry, cytokine responses, and changes in parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were monitored at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased after infection, while that of albumin (ALB) decreased, which was positively correlated with the degree of liver damage. Between 5 and 7 wpi, the mice showed symptoms of anemia and weight loss, possibly caused by the decrease of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Moreover, the changing tendencies of the levels of globulin (GLB) and parasite-specific IgG antibody were similar, suggesting a potential correlation between GLB production and adaptive immune response in the host. Coordinated variations in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) indicated a mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cellular immune response. Furthermore, the serum IgG antibody increased after infection and peaked at 5 wpi, and it was positively correlated with the average parasite burdens. The worms collected from mice were approximately 1 cm in length at 8 wpi, their digestive and reproductive systems were well developed, and no eggs were found in the uterus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing detailed histological, biochemical, and immunological indices in KM mice infected with F. gigantica, which provides basic information on KM mice against infection with F. gigantica.
To exploring the effects of probiotics on growth performance, immune function, blood biochemical indicators and cecal flora of broilers, 5 native experimental probiotics (Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Enterococcus faecalis) were isolated and purified. Broilers Fufeng and Sanhuang were divided: 5 single experimental probiotic groups, 1 mixed experimental probiotic group (Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecalis), commercial probiotics group and negative control group. Each group had 10 replicates of each type of broilers. The experimental probiotics were added to broiler’s diet during experimental period. The growth performance was measured on 21d, 42d and 77d while the immune function, blood biochemical indexes and cecal flora were measured on 77d. The growth performance results showed that experimental probiotics could effectively increase the FCR and BWG (P <0.05); Thymus indexes (P <0.05), spleen indexes and bursa indexes were increased; The levels of IgA, IgG and IL-2 were significantly increased (P <0.05); The contents of total protein (P <0.05) and albumin increased while the total cholesterol, triglycerides (P <0.05), urea nitrogen and blood glucose (P <0.05) were decreased; The population of LAB increased (P <0.05) while E.coli decreased (P <0.05) in caecal. These results indicated that different experimental probiotics had different degree of effects on experimental broilers, but their effects were similar. And the combination of several types of experimental probiotics had a more stable beneficial effects which indicated that the isolated experimental probiotics can be used as broiler feed additives to improve broiler s immunity and health in Guangxi.
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