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Aim The aim was to assess study factors that impact the association of cognitive disorders in people with periodontal disease (PD). Method Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched until February 2022 using keywords and MeSH: (periodon* OR tooth loss OR missing teeth) AND (dementia OR Alzheimer’s Disease OR cognitive*). Observational studies reporting prevalence or risk of cognitive decline, dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in people with PD compared with healthy controls were included. Meta-analysis quantified the prevalence and risk (relative risk[RR]) of cognitive decline, dementia/AD, respectively. Meta-regression/subgroup analysis explored the impact of study factors including PD severity and classification type, and gender. Results Overall, 39 studies were eligible for meta-analysis: 13 cross-sectional and 26 longitudinal studies. PD demonstrated increased risks of cognitive disorders (cognitive decline—RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13–1.55; dementia/AD—RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.14–1.31). Risk of cognitive decline increased with PD severity (moderate—[RR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07–1.22; severe—RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.18–1.32). For every 10% population increase in females, the risk of cognitive decline increased by 34% (RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.16–1.55). Self-reported PD showed a lower risk of cognitive disorders compared with clinical classification (cognitive decline—RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65–0.91; dementia/AD—RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77–0.96). Conclusion The prevalence and risk estimates of cognitive disorders in association with PD can be influenced by gender, the disease classification of PD and its severity. Further homologous evidence taking these study factors into consideration is needed to form robust conclusions.
BACKGROUND: FAS can serve as both an oncogene and a suppresser in different malignancies, and the prognostic value of FAS remains controversial. METHODS: The Oncomine database, KM-Plotter and bc-GenExMiner platform were adopted to analyze the prognostic value of FAS in breast cancer. Breast cancer tissue microarrays were further used to verify these data. The Cell Miner Tool was used to predict the value of FAS mRNA expression in predicting the efficacies of clinical drugs. RESULTS: We found that both FAS mRNA and protein expression level significantly reduced in breast carcinoma. In addition, high FAS expression indicates a better metastatic relapse-free survival. Interestingly, FAS was associated with a better prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer patients, namely, only in grade II and III, lymph nodal positive or p53 wild-type patients. The data from the Cell Miner Tool revealed that FAS mRNA expression was correlated with the efficacy of the first-line chemotherapeutic taxane agents and target drugs including olaparib and everolimus. CONCLUSIONS: FAS expression correlates with a better prognosis in breast cancer and may provide an effective clinical strategy to predict the sensitivity of taxanes and targeted drugs.
Rationale: Cholesterol granuloma of the breast is a rare disease defined as chronic reactive inflammation of cholesterol crystals and foreign body giant cells. This disease can mimic breast cancer in the clinic as painless palpable hard nodules, and imaging shows irregular hypoechoic nodules with unclear boundaries. Therefore, the uncommon lesions can be easily misdiagnosed as breast cancer. Meanwhile, it can be easily neglected by clinicians because of poor understanding.Patient concerns: In this report, we present a rare case of multiple cholesterol granulomas of the breast, which was analyzed retrospectively and combined with all 11 relevant available studies in the last 50 years. Interventions:The patient had undergone multiple breast imaging inspections for breast nodules and had the local resection of nodules.Diagnoses: The patient was confirmed to have a final diagnosis of benign cholesterol granulomas but was initially considered as breast cancer.Outcomes: The patient did not complain of discomfort after surgery, and ultrasound reexamination 5 months after surgery showed no recurrence.Lessons: By retrospective analysis, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and core needle biopsy can synergistically help clinicians distinguish it from other breast disease. To raise awareness of such a rare disease and reduce related misdiagnoses, we summarize the characteristics of cholesterol granulomas and recommend appropriate novel diagnosis and treatment regimens for patients with cholesterol granulomas.
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