Astaxanthin is an important natural resource that is widely found in marine environments. Metabolic regulation is an effective method for improving astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma. Most studies have focused on single regulators, which have limited effects. In this study, 16 metabolic regulators were screened to improve astaxanthin production in high-yield and wild-type strains. Fluconazol and glutamic acid increased astaxanthin volumetric yield in MVP14 by 25.8 and 30.9%, respectively, while ethanol increased astaxanthin volumetric yield in DSM626, 29.3%. Furthermore, six additives that inhibit the competing pathways and promote the main pathway for astaxanthin synthesis were selected for combination treatment. We found that the optimal combination was penicillin, ethanol, triclosan, and fluconazol, which increased astaxanthin cell yield by 51%. Therefore, we suggest that simultaneously promoting the master pathways (mevalonate) and inhibiting competing pathways (fatty acid synthesis and ergosterol) is the best strategy to improve astaxanthin cell yield. Moreover, regulators of the biomass pathway should be avoided to improve cell yield. This study provides a technical basis for the utilisation of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma.
The heat and moisture transfer through dry and wet fabric made up of hydrophobic fibers was modeled and experimentally verified. In the modeling, the governing equations are obtained with consideration of the energy balance and the mass balance of the liquid water, where the specific initial and boundary conditions were set according to measurement of the cooling property of fabric. By comparing temperature changes at the fabric inner surface, the model validity was confirmed by the agreements between the experimental results and numerical solutions. Thus, this simulation was able to predict the cooling performance of fabrics. The effects of internal and external factors on heating/cooling performances of fabrics were analyzed by this model. With an increasing evaporation rate, thermal conductivity and water content of fabric, the cooling capability of fabric was improved. Surrounding conditions with lower temperature, lower relative humidity and higher air velocity demonstrated a positive effect on fabric thermal and moisture transfer performances, which benefits the thermal comfort of the human body after excessive sweating.
Background and Objective: Hypoglycemia induced by direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a rare but potentially lifethreatening adverse reaction, which led to warnings by competent authorities. We therefore aimed to examine the hypoglycemic safety signal for DAAs.Methods: Reports to the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 1 October 2012 to 31 March 2020 were analyzed. The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities was used to identify hypoglycemia cases. A case by non-case disproportionality approach was used whereby reporting odds ratio (ROR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results:In HCV infection with diabetes patients, the cumulative frequency of hypoglycemic ADRs was 21.85/1000 for reports involving DAAs versus 13.50/1000 for reports involving other medications; For DAAs as a class drug, a nearly double increased reporting odds for hypoglycemia was observed (ROR: 1.63, 95% CI:1.11-2.41). However, in DAAs subgroup analysis, only telaprevir (ROR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.01-2.74) and elbasvir/grazoprevir (ROR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.05-4.83) were associated with increased reporting risk of hypoglycemia during corresponding marketing period; when combined with insulins and sulfonylureas, DAAs were associated with increased reporting risk for hypoglycemia (ROR: 1.98, 95% CI:1.36-2.88; ROR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48), but concomitant biguanides, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were not significant.Conclusions: This study supports the current recommendation for cautious about hypoglycemic risk relating to the use of DAAs. Treatment with DAAs and antidabetic agents (especially insulins and sulfonylureas) will increase hypoglycemia reporting risk. Physicians and pharmacists should be aware of this risk when prescribing DAAs for patients suffering from diabetes, advanced age or liver decompensation.
Background: Steroid 5-Alpha-reductase type I (SRD5A1) converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and regulates sex hormone levels, which facilitates tumor incidence or progression. However, the molecular mechanism behind SRD5A1's role in pan-cancer remains unknown. Methods: RNA-seq data from TCGA and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database were used to examine SRD5A1 expression. String, HPA, GEPIA2, TIMER2, and cBioportal database were used to explore the protein and immune cell infiltration information of SRD5A1. The R package “ClusterProfiler” was used to conduct KEGG and GO enrichment analyses, and CancerSEA was used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of cancer cells. Results:SRD5A1 expression was differentially and higher predicted worse survival status in most tumor samples. Increased expression of SRD5A1 was detrimental to the clinical prognoses of cancer patients, especially UCEC. SRD5A1 expression was closely correlated with T cell infiltration and immune checkpoints. There were significant correlations between SRD5A1 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB) or microsatellite instability (MSI)in several cancers. High SRD5A1 levels were associated with the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Th2 subsets of CD4+ T cells in most cancers. Enrichment analyses revealed that SRD5A1 participated in Transcription Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling and Metabolism. Finally, we validated pan-cancer SRD5A1 expression, and its impacts on immune infiltrate in UCEC.Conclusion:Our results suggest that SRD5A1 may contribute to the immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. SRD5A1 might synergize with other immune checkpoints serve as a carcinogenic indicator related to prognosis in pan-cancer, especially UCEC, and shed new light on therapeutics of cancers for clinicians.
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