Highlights d CD8 + T cell exhaustion is correlated with a high cholesterol level d Tumor microenvironment is enriched with cholesterol d Cholesterol in the tumor microenvironment induces CD8 + T cell exhaustion d ER stress-XBP1 pathway is required for cholesterol-induced CD8 + T cell exhaustion

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is

The expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of the telomerase complex, is required for activation of telomerase during immortalization and transformation of human cells. However, the biochemical and genetic mechanisms governing hTERT expression remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined hTERT amplification as a potential genetic event contributing to telomerase activation in cervical carcinomas. An amplification of the hTERT gene was found in 1/4 cervical cancer cell lines and 21/88 primary tumor samples derived from the patients with cervical carcinomas. An increase in the hTERT copy number was significantly correlated with higher levels of hTERT protein expression. Moreover, the hTERT alterations with the enhanced hTERT expression were exclusively observed in those tumors with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Taken together, the hTERT gene amplification, directly or indirectly targeted by human papillomavirus, may be one of the driving forces responsible for upregulation of hTERT expression and activation of telomerase in cervical cancers.

Identification of RAB27A mutations can facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment, and aid genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Since five of six patients studied herein initially were diagnosed as having FHL, we conclude that the diagnosis of GS2 may be overlooked, particularly in fair-haired patients with haemophagocytic syndromes.