Continuous beat‐to‐beat blood pressure (BP) monitoring provides hemodynamic information such as BP changes and waveforms over time, providing abundant information to more accurately diagnose a person's cardiovascular health compared to static cuff‐based measurements. To overcome the shortcomings of current techniques, a highly sensitive (S = 108.52 kPa−1 for 0–5 kPa range) soft capacitive sensor that can be worn like a Band‐Aid is developed such that continuous beat‐to‐beat BP monitoring can be sustainably achieved after an initial calibration. The sensor leverages iontronic material with air gaps for the dielectric combined with highly wrinkled, stretchable electrodes; the resulting average sensitivity of this device is demonstrated to be higher than that of other comparable sensors in literature. For the hemodynamic capture, the operating frequency of 300 kHz is chosen to achieve higher temporal resolution in continuous BP monitoring. Further, the multi‐island design in this work allows for rapid placement of the sensor without needing to accurately align with the underlying artery. Because of the improved sensitivity, the sensors can be adhered to the pulse points without an applanator. Finally, this sensor demonstrates sustained beat‐to‐beat blood pressure recordings that show excellent systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure correlation with an FDA‐cleared device, the Caretaker.
Accurate continuous non-invasive blood pressure (CNIBP) monitoring is the holy grail of digital medicine but remains elusive largely due to significant drifts in signal and motion artifacts that necessitate frequent device recalibration. To address these challenges, we developed a unique approach by creating a novel intra-beat biomarker (Diastolic Transit Time, DTT) to achieve highly accurate blood pressure (BP) estimations. We demonstrated our approach’s superior performance, compared to other common signal processing techniques, in eliminating stochastic baseline wander, while maintaining signal integrity and measurement accuracy, even during significant hemodynamic changes. We applied this new algorithm to BP data collected using non-invasive sensors from a diverse cohort of high acuity patients and demonstrated that we could achieve close agreement with the gold standard invasive arterial line BP measurements, for up to 20 min without recalibration. We established our approach's generalizability by successfully applying it to pulse waveforms obtained from various sensors, including photoplethysmography and capacitive-based pressure sensors. Our algorithm also maintained signal integrity, enabling reliable assessments of BP variability. Moreover, our algorithm demonstrated tolerance to both low- and high-frequency motion artifacts during abrupt hand movements and prolonged periods of walking. Thus, our approach shows promise in constituting a necessary advance and can be applied to a wide range of wearable sensors for CNIBP monitoring in the ambulatory and inpatient settings.
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