Recently, materials with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties have attracted substantial attention because they offer new perspectives in fundamental research and wide applications in photonics, bio‐encoding, catalysis, and so forth. Such importance has recently promoted the development of CPL‐active materials from the traditional realm of organics to newly released areas in inorganics. Due to the advantages of inorganic nanomaterials in stability, high luminescent quantum efficiency, material diversity, and the diversity of shapes and sizes, extensive research about CPL active inorganic nanomaterials has been done in the past decades leading to great signs of progress on synthesis, characterizations, and potential applications. In this review, therefore, we will thoroughly describe the general design principles of inorganic nanomaterials with CPL activity, basically according to the origins of chirality in inorganic nanomaterials: intrinsic chirality in inorganic nanomaterials, ligand‐induced chirality, and structural chirality caused by the supramolecular assembly, respectively. The representative applications of the CPL‐active inorganic nanomaterials are presented with respect to challenges, prospective, and problems that unsolved to date.
We herein report a transition-metal-free cross-coupling between secondary alkyl halides/mesylates and aryl/alkenylboronic acid, providing expedited access to a series of nonchiral/chiral coupling products in moderate to good yields. Stereospecific SN2-type coupling is developed for the first time with alkenylboronic acids as pure nucleophiles, offering an attractive alternative to the stereospecific transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp(2))-C(sp(3)) cross-coupling.
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease and could be classified into nonmuscle‐invasive BC (NMIBC) or muscle‐invasive BC (MIBC) subtypes according to the distinct genetic background and clinical prognosis. Until now, the golden standard and confirmed diagnosis of BC is cystoscopy and the major problems of BC are the high rate of recurrence and high costs in the clinic. Recent molecular and genetic studies have provided perspectives on the novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of BC. In this article, we provided an overview of the traditional diagnostic approaches of BC, and introduced some new imaging, endoscopic, and immunological diagnostic technology in the accurate diagnosis of BC. Meanwhile, the minimally invasive precision treatment technique, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy, and targeted therapy of BC were also included. Here, we will overview the diagnosis and therapy methods of BC used in clinical practice, focusing on their specificity, efficiency, and safety. On the basis of the discussion of the benefits of precision medicine in BC, we will also discuss the challenges and limitations facing the non‐invasive methods of diagnosis and precision therapy of BC. The molecularly targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches, and gene therapy methods to BC treatment improved the prognosis and overall survival of BC patients.
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