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The scarcity of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in HAEC patients may result in a decrease in epithelial barrier function and be a predisposing factor in the development of HAEC. This decline suggests that treatment with probiotics or prebiotics may be beneficial in these individuals. Further research will focus on whether probiotics can decrease the incidence of HAEC.

Pediatric TFTS may involve a normally positioned conus. Diagnosis of pediatric TFTS should be based on clinical presentation, physical and radiological examinations, MRI, and pathologic changes in the filum. When neurological signs accompany such changes, early severing of the filum is indicated regardless of conus position.