Polymorphic transformation from bayerite to gibbsite is discussed kinetically and structurally. Possibility of crossovers in Al(OH)3 polymorphs stability is investigated for the first time.
Based on an electrochemical multiphysical simulation, a method for analysing electrolysis efficiency has been presented that considers the energy consumption required to produce a single kilogram of lithium and for the production of lithium, rather than the voltage in various parts. By adopting them as the criteria for analysing electrolysis efficiency in the lithium cell, several structural parameters have been optimized, such as the anode radius and anode–cathode distance. These parameters strongly affect the cell voltage and the velocity field distribution, which has a significant impact on the concentration distribution. By integrating the concentration distribution, the lithium production and energy consumption per kilogram, lithium is computed. By appointing the minimum of the chlorine and lithium concentration as the secondary reaction intensity, it is clear where the secondary reaction intensity is strong in the cell. The structure of a lithium electrolysis cell has been optimized by applying an orthogonal design approach, with the energy consumption notably decreasing from 35.0 to 28.3 kWh (kg Li)
−1
and the lithium production successfully increasing by 0.17 mol.
Gas-evolving vertical electrode system is a typical electrochemical industrial reactor. Gas bubbles are released from the surfaces of the anode and affect the electrolyte flow pattern and even the cell performance. In the current work, the hydrodynamics induced by the air bubbles in a cold model was experimentally and numerically investigated. Particle image velocimetry and volumetric three-component velocimetry techniques were applied to experimentally visualize the hydrodynamics characteristics and flow fields in a two-dimensional (2D) plane and a three-dimensional (3D) space, respectively. Measurements were performed at different gas rates. Furthermore, the corresponding mathematical model was developed under identical conditions for the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The experimental measurements were compared with the numerical results based on the mathematical model. The study of the time-averaged flow field, three velocity components, instantaneous velocity and turbulent intensity indicate that the numerical model qualitatively reproduces liquid motion. The 3D model predictions capture the flow behaviour more accurately than the 2D model in this study.
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