Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines significantly increased in the early stage after ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Among the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 is the most useful for recognition of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Introduction: Glutamine is known as the richest nonessential amino acid in the human body. The intake of glutamine is not only beneficial to nutrition but also reported to enhance inflammation reducing bioactivity in exercise. Although studies have demonstrated that glutamine is beneficial for exercise, the optimal intake timing remains unclear. This study examined whether the effects of glutamine on tissue damage and physiology differ between intake timings.Methods: Rats were divided into without L-glutamine supplementation (vehicle), with L-glutamine before exhaustive exercise (prevention), and with L-glutamine after exhaustive exercise (treatment) groups. Exhaustive exercise was induced by treadmill running and L-glutamine was given by oral feeding. The exhaustive exercise began at a speed of 10 miles/min and increased in increments of 1 mile/min, to a maximum running speed of 15 miles/min with no incline. The blood samples were collected before exhaustive exercise, 12 h and 24 h after exercise to compare the creatine kinase isozyme MM (CK-MM), red blood cell count and platelet count. The animals were euthanized on 24 h after exercise, and tissue samples were collected for pathological examination and scored the severity of organ injury from 0 to 4.Results: The CK-MM was elevated gradually after exercise in the vehicle group; however, CK-MM was decreased after L-glutamine supplementation in the treatment group. The treatment group had higher red blood cell count and platelet count than the vehicle and prevention group after exercise. In addition, the treatment group had less tissue injury in the cardiac muscles, and kidneys than prevention group.Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of L-glutamine after exhaustive exercise was more effective than preventive before exercise.
New types of armor, including space armor, multiple-layered armor, composite armor and modular armor have been successfully developed and installed on the armored vehicles of several nations. The protective capability of armor against penetration is established. Of developed composite armor, space armor has a simple structure and is easy to produce and can be produced at low cost. This study uses the finite element package DYTRAN and the pre and post processor PNTRAN to elucidate the ballistic resistance and penetration of space armor. Factors such as armor thickness, space of armor and projectile profile are considered. A tool for simulating the protection afforded by armor and supporting the design of space armor is developed. Figure 1 presents the deformation plot of the steel ball as it penetrates the space armor. The total thickness of the space armor is 6.35 mm. Each layer is assumed to be 3.175 mm in thick and 62.8 mm in long and wide. The armor incline at 60 degree to the vertical, and the space between the two layers is 10 mm.Figure 1 the deformation plot of the steel ball and plate( t 1 = t 2 = 3.175 mm, d=10 mm )The first layer is completely penetrated and the steel ball is deformed. The steel ball rebounded from the second layer. The surface of the second layer has only a bowl-shaped contour, indicating that the steel ball was stopped. The figure thus shows the anti-penetration capacity of space armor. The improved capability of space armor is inferred to be related to the following causes.(1) The penetration of the first layer will deteriorate the projectile and thus reduces the energy with which it collides with the second layer. (2) The fall in speed of the projectile upon penetration into the first layer also reduces the energy of collision with the second layer.(3) The deviation of the
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