No abstract

3-Methylbutanal is one of the primary substances that contribute to the nutty flavor in cheese. Lactococcus strains have been shown to have higher aminotransferase and α-keto acid decarboxylase activities compared with other microbes, indicating that they might form a higher amount of 3-methylbutanal by decarboxylation. Several dairy lactococcal strains have been successfully applied as adjunct cultures to increase the 3-methylbutanal content of cheese. Moreover, compared with dairy cultures, the nondairy lactococci are generally metabolically more diverse with more active AA-converting enzymes. Therefore, it might be appropriate to use nondairy lactococcal strains as adjunct cultures to enrich the 3-methylbutanal content of cheese. This study thereby aimed to select a nondairy Lactococcus strain that is highly productive of 3-methylbutanal, identify its biosynthetic pathway, and apply it to cheese manufacture. Twenty wild nondairy lactococci isolated from 5 kinds of Chinese traditional fermented products were identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis and were found to belong to Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. The nondairy strains were then screened in vitro for their production of 3-methylbutanal and whether they met the criteria to become an adjunct culture for cheese. The L. lactis ssp. lactis F9, isolated from sour bamboo shoot, was selected because of its higher 3-methylbutanal production, suitable autolysis rate, and lower acid production. The enzymes involved in the catabolic pathway of leucine were then evaluated. Both α-keto acid decarboxylase (6.96 μmol/g per minute) and α-keto acid dehydrogenase (30.06 μmol/g per minute) activities were detected in nondairy L. lactis F9. Cheddar cheeses made with different F9 levels were ripened at 13°C and analyzed after 90 d by a combination of instrumental and sensory methods. The results showed that adding nondairy L. lactis F9 significantly increased 3-methylbutanal content and enhanced the nutty flavor of the cheese without impairing its textural properties. Thus, nondairy L. lactis F9 efficiently enhanced the biosynthesis of 3-methylbutanal in vitro and in manufactured cheese.