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Four CGSP (Chinese Geological Standard Powders) carbonate matrix element reference materials were prepared by a coprecipitation method. The major and trace elements were dissolved from natural rare earth carbonate raw materials in strong acid and precipitated with ammonium bicarbonate or ammonia to form carbonate matrix phases. The carbonate reference materials were ground and pressed into tablets for microanalysis. The element homogeneity and stability in CGSP reference materials were tested by LA-ICP-MS using a calibration strategy without an internal standard element and evaluated mainly following ISO Guide 35: 2017 and JJF 1343-2012. Although the homogeneity of most of elements in the CGSP series were comparable to the repeatability obtained from homogeneous glasses, some elements (e.g., Mo, Se, Ga, Ge, Cd, Ni, Co, U) were found to have some degree of heterogeneity. All of elements passed the t-test evaluation in a 32-month stability examination except for Mo in CGSP-A, Na, Ge, Mo in CGSP-B, Ni, Cd, Sn in CGSP-C, and Al, P, Tb, Ho in CGSP-D. The certified element mass fraction values and uncertainties were determined with the characterisation of a non-operationally defined measurand using various bulk analysis methods in eight laboratories. GGSPs will provide a new carbonate calibration reference option for microanalysis.

In recent years, solar interfacial evaporation has received increasing attention due to its potential applications in power generation, seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment. In this work, after carbonization of two biomass wastes, rice husk and coconut husk, they were modified by hydrothermally synthesized cryptomelane manganese and prepare into a solar interfacial evaporation system to explore their evaporation performance and stabilization performance of cadmium. The results demonstrate that the cryptomelane modified biochar can obtain an evaporation rate of 1.085 kg m− 2 h− 1 and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 77.75% under one sun (1 kW m− 2). Under the condition that the average solar power density is only 465.22W m− 2, the evaporation amount reaches 4.7kg m− 2 within six hours, and the evaporation rate reaches 0.78kg m− 2 h− 1. The two kinds of biomass wastes modified by cryptomelane have enhanced adsorption performance for cadmium, and can be well used for long-term stabilization and recycling of Cd. It could be verified that the cryptomelane modified biochar material is a low-cost, scalable and efficient material for interfacial evaporation and reduce wastewater pollution.