Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the breast, a distinct type of mammary carcinoma whose terminology was not proposed until 2003, has not been well recognized or studied. The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinicopathological features and outcomes of this type of tumor. We conducted a comparative study on 107 NEC patients and 475 invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified(IDC, NOS) patients from the Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, to determine the demographic, pathological, and clinical features at presentation, along with patient outcomes and prognostic factors. With an older age at presentation, NECs are more likely to be estrogen receptor(ER)/ progesterone receptor (PR) positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) negative, and have a higher propensity for local recurrence and poorer overall survival(OS). Higher T classification, M classification, TNM stage, the expression of Ki67, and the absence of PR expression are prognostically of poorer OS and distant recurrence-free survival(DRFS). Distant metastasis is also a dependent prognostic factor. NEC of the breast is a distinct type of neoplasm with higher malignancy. Novel therapies such as the endocrine therapy should be explored and studies with larger case number and longer follow-up will be needed.
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is an aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis and characterized by early invasion, metastasis and postoperative recurrence. Therefore, understanding the main molecular mechanisms of this malignancy is the key for the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for extrahepatic CC. Foxj2 is a novel forkhead factor. Several FOX family members have been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis and the progression of certain cancers. In this study, real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining were used to examine FOXJ2 expression in extrahepatic CC tissues and adjacent normal bile duct tissues. The molecular mechanisms of FOXJ2 expression and its effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were also explored by MTT assay, wound healing assay and Transwell assay. The relationships between the FOXJ2 expression levels, the clinicopathological factors, and patient survival were investigated. FOXJ2 mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in extrahepatic CC tissues compared to adjacent normal bile duct tissues. In addition, decreased FOXJ2 was associated disease progression in extrahepatic CC samples. Overexpression FOXJ2 expression markedly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. FOXJ2 is a transcription factor that has been reported to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These findings indicated that FOXJ2 gene played a tumor suppressor role in extrahepatic CC, which proposed this gene as a new therapeutic target for extrahepatic CC patients.
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