We report the photovoltaic performances and kinetics of femtosecond fluorescence for three zinc-porphyrin sensitizers (YD0-YD2) coadsorbed with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) at three molar ratios on nanocrystalline semiconductor (TiO(2) or Al(2)O(3)) films. The addition of CDCA improved the efficiencies of YD0 and YD1 so that their maximum performance occurred at a dye/CDCA ratio of 1:2, but the presence of CDCA had a negative effect for YD2. Porphyrin aggregation on TiO(2) surfaces not only accelerates the rate of intermolecular energy transfer but also increases the rate of interfacial electron injection, so that the electron injection yields (Phi(inj)) are balanced by these two important factors. As a result, Phi(inj) increased slightly with increasing amount of CDCA for both YD0 and YD1, but decreased for YD2; for this reason, the presence of CDCA failed to improve the photovoltaic performance for YD2, unlike for YD0 and YD1. The cell performances were optimized on TiO(2) films of similar to 10-mu m thickness with a scattering layer of similar to 4-mu m thickness: the efficiencies 4 if power conversion of YD1 and YD2 are slightly smaller than, but near, that of N719, being 6.5% and 6.8%, respectively, compared to 7.3%. Without a scattering layer on the films, the performance of N719 was degraded significantly (6.3%), whereas the efficiencies of YD1 and YD2 decreased only slightly (6.4% and 6.6%), making this series of green sensitizers promising candidates for future light-penetrable photovoltaic applications

It is necessary to perform a GBS test 4 weeks after an initial negative GBS culture at 35-37 weeks of gestation. RT-PCR provides a simple and rapid alternative method for detecting rectovaginal GBS colonization at the time of labor.