In this study, two revised indicators, the size and depth of ecological footprint, as the basis for accounting for flow capital occupation and stock capital depletion of water-energy resources, respectively, were selected to evaluate water resource capital utilization (WRCU) and energy capital utilization (ECU) in the Four-City Area in Central China (FcACC) from 2010 to 2020. The coupling coordinated relationship between WRCU and ECU in the FcACC was discussed by using the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model. The results showed that WRCU and ECU of 37 regions were divided into four types, and the intercity pattern had obvious regional agglomeration. The utilization level of stock capital and flow capital generally presented a complementary situation in the FcACC. Slight depletion types of stock capital were the main type of regional WRCU and ECU in the FcACC. The D value of the WRCU and ECU in the FcACC overall showed a downward trend, and the basic coordination (BC) between water resource flow capital occupation (WFCO) and EFCO was the main coordination status. Furthermore, the coordination status and capital utilization level of each region changed over time.
Green development is the coordinated development of the economy, society and environment and has become a mainstream development model. This paper evaluates the green water resource utilization efficiency (GWRUE) of 38 regions in the four-city area in central China during 2010–2019 using a super-slacks-based measure (super-SBM) DEA model considering unexpected output. Then, the spatiotemporal variations in GWRUE are analyzed by the standard deviational ellipse method, and the geographical detector method is employed to reveal the dominant impacts and interaction impacts on GWRUE spatiotemporal variations. The results show that (1) from 2010 to 2019, the GWRUE in the four-city area in central China was low, and the difference among regions was obvious, showing a downward trend. (2) From 2010 to 2019, the spatial gravity center of GWRUE experienced a change process from northeast to southwest, and its moving speed showed a “waveform” rising trend. Moreover, the SDE range of each characteristic time point showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the spatial variations in GWRUE tended to be agglomerated. (3) From 2010 to 2019, the influence of each factor on the spatial variations in GWRUE was different each year. In addition, the two-way interactions between different influencing factors were mainly manifested as bivariate enhancement relationships and nonlinear enhancement relationships and were especially affected by multiple factors that produce a nonlinear enhancement interaction. This study can provide a practical basis for realizing water ecological civilization construction and high-quality development in the four-city area in central China.
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