The vagina contains at least a billion microbial cells, which are dominated byLactobacilli. Here we perform metagenomic shotgun sequencing on cervical samples from 1148 women. Factors such as pregnancy, delivery histories and breast-feeding were all more important than menstrual cycle in shaping the microbiome. Bifidobacterium breve was seen with older age at sexual debut;Lactobacillus crispatus negatively correlated with pregnancy history; potential markers for lack of menstrual regularity, heavy flow, dysmenorrhea, contraceptives were also identified. Other features such as mood fluctuations and facial speckles could potentially be deduced from the vagino-cervical microbiome. Gut and oral microbiome, plasma vitamins, metals, amino acids and hormones showed associations with the vagino-cervical microbiome. Our results offer an unprecedented glimpse into the microbiota of the female reproductive tract and call for international collaborations to better understand its long-term health impact. Highlights:Shotgun sequencing of 1148 vagino-cervical samples reveal subtypes; 1Other omics such as moods and skin features could be predicted by the vagino-cervical 2 bacteria; 3Factors such as delivery mode and breast-feeding associate with the vagino-cervical 4 microbiome; 5With dwindled Lactobacilli, postmenopausal samples are relatively enriched for viruses. 6 7 3 4 vulvovaginal candidiasis (Bradford and Ravel, 2017). The over 90% of human 30 sequences in female reproductive tract samples, in contrast to 1% in feces (Li et al., 31 2018; Methé et al., 2012; Wang and Jia, 2016), has made metagenomic shotgun 32 sequencing more expensive. Most studies of the vaginal microbiota used 16S rRNA 33 gene amplicon sequencing, which lacked a view of the overall microorganism 34 communities including bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi (Byrd et al., 2018), as well 35 as the functional capacity encoded. Besides infection, studies on current sexual activity 36 and the menstrual cycle occurred naturally to the vaginal microbiota field (Gajer et al., 37 2012; Ravel et al., 2010). However, lasting impacts from other potentially important 38 factors such as sexual debut, pregnancy and breast-feeding have not been looked at in 39 a reasonably large cohort. 40 41 As a sizable reservoir of microbes instead of a transient entity, the female reproductive 42 tract microbiota might also reflect conditions in other body sites. It is however not clear 43 whether other omics in circulation or in the intestine cross-talks with the vagino-cervical 44 microbiome. Intersecting with hormones, metabolic and immune functions, we find it 45intriguing to explore the potential link of the vagino-cervical microbiome to the brain and 46 the face. 47 5 data, immune indices, physical fitness test, facial skin imaging, as well as female life 53 history questionnaire, lifestyle questionnaire, and psychological questionnaire (Figure 1). 54Our work pinpoints other metadata or omics that can predict or be predicted from the 55 microbiota in the female reproductive tr...
Hypersomnolence disorder (HD) is characterized by excessive sleep, which is a common sequela following stroke, infections or tumorigenesis. HD was traditionally thought to be associated with lesions of wake-promoting nuclei. However, lesion of a single, even two or more wake-promoting nucleuses simultaneously did not exert serious HD. The specific nucleus and neural circuitry for HD remain unknown. Here, we observed that three patients with lesions around the paraventricular nucleus 23 of the hypothalamus (PVH) showed hypersomnolence lasting more than 20 h per day and their excessive sleep decreased with the recovery of the PVH area. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PVH might play an essential role in the occurrence of HD. Using multichannel electrophysiological recording and fiber photometry, we found that PVHvglut2 neurons were preferentially active during wakefulness. Chemogenetic activation of PVHvglut2 neurons potently induced 9-h wakefulness, and PVHCRH, PVHPDYN and PVHOT neuronal activation also exerted wakefulness. Most importantly, ablation of PVHvglut2 neurons drastically induced hypersomnia-like behaviors (30.6% reduction in wakefulness). These results indicate that dysfunctions of the PVH is crucial for physiological arousal and pathogenesis underlying HD.
BackgroundThe link between gut microbial dysbiosis and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is of considerable interest. However, little is known regarding the potential for the use of the fecal metagenome for the diagnosis of COPD.MethodsA total of 80 healthy controls, 31 patients with COPD severity stages I or II, and 49 patients with COPD severity stages III or IV fecal samples were subjected to metagenomic analysis. We characterized the gut microbiome, identified microbial taxonomic and functional markers, and constructed a COPD disease classifier using samples.ResultsThe fecal microbial diversity of patients with COPD stages I or II was higher than that of healthy controls, but lower in patients with COPD stages III or IV. Twenty-one, twenty-four, and eleven microbial species, including potential pathogens and pro-inflammatory bacteria, were significantly enriched or depleted in healthy controls, patients with COPD stages I or II, and patients with COPD stages III & IV. The KEGG orthology (KO) gene profiles derived demonstrated notable differences in gut microbial function among the three groups. Moreover, gut microbial taxonomic and functional markers could be used to differentiate patients with COPD from healthy controls, on the basis of areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.8814 and 0.8479, respectively. Notably, the gut microbial taxonomic features differed between healthy individuals and patients in stages I-II COPD, which suggests the utility of fecal metagenomic biomarkers for the diagnosis of COPD (AUC = 0.9207).ConclusionGut microbiota-targeted biomarkers represent potential non-invasive tools for the diagnosis of COPD.
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