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BackgroundDespite regulatory efforts to formalize guidance policies on biosimilars, there remains a need to educate healthcare stakeholders on the acknowledged definition of biosimilarity and the data that underpin it.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to systematically collate published data for monoclonal antibodies and fusion protein biosimilars indicated for cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, and other indications, and to explore differences in the type and weight (quantity and quality) of available evidence.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, and ISI Web of Science were searched to September 2015. Conference proceedings (n = 17) were searched 2012 to July 2015. Included studies were categorized by originator, study type, and indication. To assess data strength and validity, risk of bias assessments were undertaken.ResultsAcross therapeutic areas, 43 named (marketed or proposed) biosimilars were identified for adalimumab, abciximab, bevacizumab, etanercept, infliximab, omalizumab, ranibizumab, rituximab, and trastuzumab originators. Infliximab CT-P13, SB2, and etanercept SB4 biosimilars have the greatest amount of published evidence of similarity with their originators, based on results of clinical studies involving larger numbers of patients or healthy subjects (N = 1405, 743, and 734, respectively). Published data were also retrieved for marketed intended copies of etanercept and rituximab.ConclusionsThis unbiased synthesis of the literature exposed significant differences in the extent of published evidence between molecules at preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing stages of development, providing clinicians and payers with a consolidated view of the available data and remaining gaps.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40259-016-0199-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative nonclinical studies were conducted with the proposed biosimilar PF-05280586 and rituximab-EU (MabThera 1 ). In side-by-side analyses, peptide maps and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay results were similar. Sexually-mature cynomolgus monkeys were administered PF-05280586 or rituximab-EU as a single dose of 0, 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg on day 1 and observed for 92 days (single-dose study) or as 5 weekly injections of 0 or 20 mg/kg and necropsied on day 30, the day after the 5th dose, or on day 121 (repeat-dose study). The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles for both molecules were similar. Marked depletion of peripheral blood B cells 4 days after dosing was followed by near or complete repletion (single-dose study) or partial repletion (repeat-dose study). In the single-dose study, anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were detected by day 29 in all animals administered PF-05280586 or rituximab-EU and persisted through day 85, the last day tested. In the repeat-dose study, ADA were detected on day 121 in 50% of animals administered PF-05280586 or rituximab-EU. Both molecules were well tolerated at all doses. In all endpoints evaluated, PF-05280586 exhibited similarity to rituximab-EU.

Background and ObjectivesTrastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to the HER2 protein. PF-05280014 is being developed as a potential biosimilar to trastuzumab products marketed in the United States (trastuzumab-US) and European Union (trastuzumab-EU). Nonclinical studies were designed to evaluate the similarity of PF-05280014 to trastuzumab-US and trastuzumab-EU using in vitro structural and functional analyses, and in vivo pharmacokinetic and immunogenicity assessments.MethodsPeptide mapping was utilized to determine structural similarity. Functional similarity was assessed via an in vitro tumor cell growth inhibition assay. CD-1 male mice were administered a single-dose (0, 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg) of PF-05280014, trastuzumab-US, or trastuzumab-EU. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and body weight changes over a 4-month period. At approximately 720, 1,080, 1,440, 2,160, and 2,880 h post-dose, terminal blood samples were collected and assayed for PF-05280014, trastuzumab-US, or trastuzumab-EU concentrations and anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Values for Cmax, area under the concentration time curve (AUC), clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vss), half-life (t½), and the presence of ADA were determined.ResultsIn this report, peptide mapping of PF-05280014, trastuzumab-US, and trastuzumab-EU showed similar chromatographic profiles in a side-by-side analysis. The tumor cell growth inhibition of PF-05280014 was similar to trastuzumab-US and trastuzumab-EU. Cmax and AUC0–∞ values in mice were similar and dose-dependent across the mAbs at all doses, and CL and Vss values were similar and dose-independent. The CL values across doses ranged from 0.193 to 0.350 mL/h/kg (PF-05280014), from 0.200 to 0.346 mL/h/kg (trastuzumab-US), and from 0.193 to 0.335 mL/h/kg (trastuzumab-EU). Vss values across doses ranged from 84.9 to 120 mL/kg (PF-05280014), 86.7 to 130 mL/kg (trastuzumab-US), and 85.4 to 116 mL/kg (trastuzumab-EU). The incidence of ADA was low (~10%) and also similar across all dose levels and the three mAbs. The lower exposure generally observed in ADA-positive animals did not impact the overall PK interpretation. All animals survived to their scheduled terminal blood collection with no mAb-related differences in body weight gain or clinical signs.ConclusionsPF-05280014, trastuzumab-US, and trastuzumab-EU were well tolerated during the 4-month observation period following a single dose of up to 100 mg/kg. PF-05280014, trastuzumab-US, and trastuzumab-EU showed similar structural properties, tumor cell growth inhibition properties, and PK profiles. The incidence of ADA was low and similar across the three mAbs. The results of these studies support the development of PF-05280014 as a proposed biosimilar to Herceptin.

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