Wounds are considered to be a serious problem that affects the healthcare sector in many countries, primarily due to diabetes and obesity. Wounds become worse because of unhealthy lifestyles and habits. Wound healing is a complicated physiological process that is essential for restoring the epithelial barrier after an injury. Numerous studies have reported that flavonoids possess wound-healing properties due to their well-acclaimed anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and antioxidant effects. They have been shown to be able to act on the wound-healing process via expression of biomarkers respective to the pathways that mainly include Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), Hedgehog, c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2/ARE), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), MAPK/ERK, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, Nitric oxide (NO) pathways, etc. Hence, we have compiled existing evidence on the manipulation of flavonoids towards achieving skin wound healing, together with current limitations and future perspectives in support of these polyphenolic compounds as safe wound-healing agents, in this review.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long unbranched polysaccharide that composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are classified into heparan sulfate (HS), heparin, chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). During the last decade, demand of GAGs were getting increased due to their potential uses. Vertebrate animal, commonly cartilaginous mammalian tissue, were potential producer of GAGs and have the higher number of biological activities extracted from sea bass waste. Sea bass waste from Lates calcarifer was used as the raw material to extract crude GAGs. Different part of sea bass waste such as, gills, viscera and air bladders were used. The higher content of crude GAGs in sea bass waste was used in cytotoxic and inflammatory study. Different concentration of extract GAGs from gills were used ranging between 0.16-20 mg/mL. GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 cell line in lower concentration. Meanwhile, for anti-inflammatory study GAGs from sea bass waste (gills) showed dose-dependent manner and also reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated cells. This research study concluded that, GAGs from sea bass waste are the alternative source that can be used for cancer and inflammation study.
Objectives: The aims of this paper are to extract glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from four local medicinal plants and to characterize the crude extract with highest total sulfated GAG to reduce the dependency of using animals as major sources.Methods: Crude GAG was extracted from four plants (Gaultheria procumbens, Strobilanthes crispus, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Ficus deltoidea) using hot water extraction with some modifications. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was conducted for purity test. Total sulfated GAG was determined using Blyscan assay kit. By comparing results between the extract yields and total sulfated GAG, the plant consisting of high total sulfated GAG was chosen for further characterization. The selected plant sample was examined by microscopy and further analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Results: All four plants showed absorbance peaks between 214 and 232 nm in UV scan that represented negatively charged sugar. O. stamineus was found to contain the highest amount of sulfated GAG, 62.63±0.01 μg/mg by Blyscan assay. Microscopical examination confirmed the identity of O. stamineus sample by comparing to the reference. Both NMR and FTIR analysis of O. stamineus crude yield showed the presence of hydroxyl, sulfates, carboxylate, and amine groups, suggesting close resemblances to GAG structure.Conclusion: The results suggested that all four plants contained GAG compound. O. stamineus was found to exhibit the most abundant total sulfated GAG and has the potential to become a new plant-based source for GAG.
Objectives: The aims of this paper are to extract glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from four local medicinal plants and to characterize the crude extract with highest total sulfated GAG to reduce the dependency of using animals as major sources.Methods: Crude GAG was extracted from four plants (Gaultheria procumbens, Strobilanthes crispus, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Ficus deltoidea) using hot water extraction with some modifications. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was conducted for purity test. Total sulfated GAG was determined using Blyscan assay kit. By comparing results between the extract yields and total sulfated GAG, the plant consisting of high total sulfated GAG was chosen for further characterization. The selected plant sample was examined by microscopy and further analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Results: All four plants showed absorbance peaks between 214 and 232 nm in UV scan that represented negatively charged sugar. O. stamineus was found to contain the highest amount of sulfated GAG, 62.63±0.01 μg/mg by Blyscan assay. Microscopical examination confirmed the identity of O. stamineus sample by comparing to the reference. Both NMR and FTIR analysis of O. stamineus crude yield showed the presence of hydroxyl, sulfates, carboxylate, and amine groups, suggesting close resemblances to GAG structure.Conclusion: The results suggested that all four plants contained GAG compound. O. stamineus was found to exhibit the most abundant total sulfated GAG and has the potential to become a new plant-based source for GAG.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are usually found in mammals or invertebrates organisms. Since there are many potential active ingredients in plants that have not been investigated till dates, this review will be discussing the plants’ potential to be the alternative for GAGs source. The study will enlighten the correlation between two crucial properties, anticoagulant and anticancer properties. This is because these two properties are usually found in organisms with GAGs presence. GAGs have obviously played an important role to elicit these two properties within an organism’s biological system. The study found that based on previous researches investigations, plants have the potential to have GAGs which then act as replacement of anticoagulant carrying anticancer properties.
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